Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций
Шрифт:
Renal development is characterized by three successive, slightly over lapping kidney systems.
Pronephros: Segmented nephrotomes appear in the cervical intermediate mesoderm of the embryo in the fourth week. These structures grow laterally and canalize to form nephric tubules. Successive tubules grow caudally and unite to form the pronephric duct, which empties into the cloaca. The first tubules formed regress before the last ones are formed. By the end of the fourth week, the pronephros disappears.
Mesonephros: In the fifth week, the mesonephros appears as «S-shaped» tubules in the intermediate mesoderm of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the embryo.
The medial end of each tubule enlarges to form a Bowman's capsule into which a tuft of capillaries, or glomerulus, invaginates.
The lateral end of each tubule opens into the mesonephriс (Wolffi-an) duct, an intermediate mesoderm derivative.
Mesonephric tubules function temporarily and degenerate by the beginning of the third month. The mesonephric duct pesists in the male as the ductus epididymidis, ductus deferens, and the ejaculatory duct.
Metanephros: During the fifth week, the metanephros, or permanent kidney, develops from two sources: the ureteric bud, a diverti-culum of the mesonephric duct, and the metanephric mas, from intermediate mesoderrn of the lumbar and sacral regions. The ureteric bud penetrates the metanephric mass, which cordenses around the diverti-culum to form the metanephrogen cap. The bud dilates to form the renal pelvis, which subsequently splits into the cranial and caudal major calyces. Each major calyx buds into the metanephric tissue to form the minor calyces. One-to-three million collecting tubules develop from the minor calyces, thus forming the renal pyramids. Penetration of collecting tubules into the metanephric mass induces cells of the tissue cap to form nephrons, or excretory units. The proximal nephron forms Bowman's capsule, wherea the distal nephron connects to a collecting tubule.
Lengtheningy of the excretory tubule gives rise to the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule.
The kidneys develop in the pelvis but appear to
Bladder and urethra
Adrenal glands lie The proximal nephron forms above the kidneys and are of dual origin. The cortex develops from the mesoderm of the coelomic epithelium, and the medulla is derived from neural crest cells, which migrate to the area and differentiate to form catecholami-ne-producing cells. Urorectal septum divides the cloaca into the ano-rectal canal and urogenital sinus by the seventh week.
The upper and largest part of the urogenital sinus becomes the urinary bladder, which is initially continuous with the allantois. As the lumen of the allantois becomes obliterated, a fibrous cord, the urachus, connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus. In the adult, this structure becomes the median umbilical ligament. The mucosa of the trigone of the bladder is formed by the incorporation of the caudal me-sonephric ducts into the dorsal bladder wall. This mesodermal tissue is eventually replaced by endodermal epithelium so that the entire lining of the blad der is of endodermal origin. The smooth muscle of the bladder is derived from splanchnic mesoderm.
Mile urethra is anatomically divided into three portions: prostatic membranous, and spongy (penile).
The prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and proximal penile urethra develop from the narrow portion of the uro genital sinus below the urinary bladder. The distal spongy urethra is derived from the ectodermal cells of the glans penis.
Fimale urethra: The upper two-thirds develops from the esonephric ducts, and the lower portion is derived from the ogenital sinus.
The urinary system is the major system involved in the excre tion of metabolic waste products and excess water from the body. It is also important in maintaining a homeostatic bal ance of fluids and electrolytes. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the ure thra. Urine is produced by the kidneys and is then transmit ted via the ureters to the bladder for temporary storage. The urethra is the final pathway that conveys urine to the exteri or. This system also has an important endocrine function in the production of renin and erythropoietin, which influence blood pressure and red blood cell (RBC) formation, respec tively.
New words
urinary system –
consisting of – состоящий из
kidneys – почки
bladder – мочевой пузырь
excretory ducts – выделительные трубочки
mesodermal – мезодермальный
endodermal – эндодермальный
derivatives – производные
con tribution – вклад
sequentially – последовательно
pronephros – первичная почка
vestigial – остаточный
transiently – скоротечно
definitive – категорический
permanent – постоянный
duct – трубочка
bud – зародыш
to dilates – расширять
urogenital – мочеполовой
cloaca – клоака
anorectal canal – канал анаректальный
waste products – ненужные продукты
maintaining – поддержание
a homeostatic balance – гомеостатический баланс
fluids – жидкости
electrolytes – электролиты
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple, Past Continuous и Past Perfect.
1. When I called at his house, they (to tell) me that he (to leave) an hours before.
2. When I came to the station, I (not to) find my friend there as I (to be) five minutes late and the train (to leave).
3. He (to want) to visit the place where he (to live) in his childhood.
4. The telegram (to come) some minutes after he (to leave).
5. She (to look) very tired as she (to work) hard.
6. I (to return) to the hotel only late at night as I (to lose) my way in the fog. When I (to come) up to my room, I (to see) Pete who (to stand) at the door of the room. He (to wait) for me as he (to lose) his key and could not get in.
7. When I (to wake) up, it (to be) already ten o'clock. I (to call) my brother. Nobody (to answer). He already (to leave).
8. I (to go) up to the open window. The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) brightly. The birds in the garden (to sing). The morning (to be) fine.
9. When the rain (to stop) I (to look) out of the window and (to see) John who (to stand) under a tree waiting for me.
10. Last night we (to go) to a football match.
11. We (to take) a bus. The bus (to be) full, of people as many people (to want) to see the match.