Грамматика для написания научных статей
Шрифт:
2. Near indicates general proximity. Next to indicates more direct proximity. They live near each other. (They live a few blocks apart.)
His house is next to mine. (They live in adjoining houses.)
3. Between indicates a position relative to two markers. Among indicates a position relative to more than two.
The file cabinet is between the computer and the fox machine.
The document is among my papers somewhere.
4. By is used with a point in time, a deadline; it is the equivalent of no later than.
Until is used with a point in time also; it indicates the end point of an action.
We have to register by August 28.
She was reading until midnight.
Task 3. Write four questions to ask classmates that force them to answer by using one of each of the sets of "tricky prepositions" in item D.
Example: How long have you been studying English?
Answer: I've been studying English for twelve years.
Prepositions Following Verbs and Adjectives
1. Certain verbs are frequently followed by prepositions. Here are some common combinations.
2. Some verbs are followed by a direct object and a preposition. Add to ibis list whenever you can.
blame someone for something congratulate someone on something explain something to someone protect someone from something thank someone for something
throw something at someone (intending to hit the person)
throw something for someone (intending it to be caught)
Phrasal Verbs
Although prepositions are little words, they are packed full of meaning. In fact, one of these little words attached to a verb can completely change the meaning of the verb. When a preposition is attached to a verb in a certain way the preposition is known as a "particle,” and the verb is known as a ’phrasal verb” or a ‘two-word verb.” Phrasal verbs are used more in conversation and informal writing; in formal and scientific writing, one-word equivalents are more common.
1. The combination of verb + particle takes on a new idiomatic meaning, often quite far from the meaning of the verb alone.
put off = postpone; put out = extinguish
She put off going to the dentist.
He put out the flames with a bucket of water.
2. Some phrasal verbs are separable, which means that the particle can be placed after the direct object as well as before it.
He filled out the form.
He filled the form out.
When the object is a pronoun, then you must use it to separate the verb + preposition phrase.
When you want to know the meaning of a word, look
Some phrasal verbs are used with a particle and a preposition, making in effect a three-word verb. These phrasal verbs arc inseparable, which means that the direct object cannot come between the verb and the particle or preposition.
I can't put up with that noise any longer’
The whole office staff саmе down with the flu last winter.
Some examples of separable phrasal verbs are.
Task 4. Choose a preposition or particle to fit into each blank.
1. Before she went to bed, she turned ___ the lights.
2. I’ll write the report ___ next Tuesday. That's a promise.
3. He is looking forward ___ seeing his nephew when he visits his sister next week.
4. He didn’t turn _______ at work, so the meeting had to be called.
5. When my daughter was sick, Nora’s sister offered to help look __ her.
6. They called to congratulate him ___ winning the prize.
7. They wanted to watch TV, so I turned it ___ immediately.
8. He explained ___ me why I had to stay and work ___nine o’clock ___the evening.
9. He said he thought he could rely ___ me, but then he apologized _ asking me to work late two nights in a row.
10. However, I decided not to complain ___ the boss ___ my long working hours.
Task 5. Choose the correct words in italics. If both options are correct, choose both
NO, YOU'RE NOT looking at a scene (1) from/ out of a James Bond movie!
The futuristic buildings in this photo really exist. They are part of the Eden Project – one of the most spectacular of the Millennium projects.
The Eden Project is located (2) at/iп Cornwall, England, in a former clay pit (3) above / over 50 metres deep. It consists of several huge domes, a large open area and a visitor centre. The Eden Project functions (4) as/ like a 'storeroom' for a huge number of plants from all over the world. The two main domes store plants and trees (5) from/ for the tropical and temperate regions of the world, while the open area accommodates more local species.