Лгуны или фантазеры. Правда о детской лжи

Экман Пол

¹³Magda Stouthamer-Loeber. Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review, Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1986): 267-89.

¹⁴ Об этих возможностях упоминала Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, там же.

¹⁵ Я обнаружил эту цитату у Thomas Lickona. Raising Good Children (New York: Bantam, 1983), p. 117.

¹⁶ См. обзор В. DePaulo и A. Jordan. Age Changes in Deceiving and Detecting Deceit, в Robert S. Feldman, Development of Nonverbal Behavior in Children (New York: Springer Veriag, 1982), p. 151-80.192 Notes.

¹⁷P. Ekman. Telling Lies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985); P. Ekman

и M. O'Sullivan. Hazards in Detecting Deceit, в D. Raskin, ed., Psychological Methods for Investigation and Evidence (New York: Springer, in press); P. Ekman. Why Lies Fail and What Behaviors Betray a Lie, в J. C. Yuille, ed., Credibility Assessment-A Unified Theoretical and Research Perspective (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, в прессе); P. Ekman, W. V. Friesen и M. O'Sullivan. Smiles when Lying, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988): 414-20; P. Ekman и W. V. Friesen. Felt, False and Miserable Smiles, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 6 (1982): 238-52; P. Ekman и W. V. Friesen. Detecting Deception from Body or Face, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29 (1974): 288-98; P. Ekman и W. V. Friesen. Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception, Psychiatry 32 (1969): 88-105.

¹⁸ R. S. Feldman, L. Jenkins и О. Popoola. Detection of Deception in Adults and Children via Facial Expressions, Child Development 50 (1979): 350-55 (цитата, c. 351).

¹⁹Nancy Lee Morency и Robert M. Krauss. Children's Nonverbal Encoding and Decoding of Affect, в Feldman, Development of Nonverbal Behavior in Children, p. 181-200.

²⁰William A. Shennum и Daphne B. Bugental. The Development of Control over, Affective Expression, там же, с. 101-21.

²¹ Цитата из исследования Vasek.

²² Для обсуждения роли игр в развитии навыков, необходимых для обмана, см.: Н. Sacks. Everyone Has to Lie, в M. Sanches и В. G. Blount, Sociocultural Dimensions of Language Use (New York: Academic Press, 1975), p. 57-79.

²³ J. G. de Villiers и P. A. de Villiers. Language Acquisition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977); M. Shatz и R. Gelman. The Development of Communication Skills: Modification in the Speech of Young Children as a Function of the Listener, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 38 (1973): 1-38; см. суждение, предлагаемое Васеком.

²⁴ P. Ekman, G. Roper и J. C. Hager. Deliberate Facial Movement, Child Development 51 (1980): 886-91. Notes 193.

²⁵Michael F. Hoyt. Secrets in Psychotherapy: Theoretical and Practical Considerations, International Review of Psychoanalysis 5, vol. 2 (1978): 223-41.

²⁶

Там же.

²⁷ lb. Turiel. The Development of Social Concepts, в D. DePalma и J. Foley, eds. Moral Development (Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1975). Цитируется no Damon.

²⁸ Выражаю мою признательность Robert Coles, который в своей увлекательной книге The Moral Life of Children (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986) напомнил мне об этом высказывании Анны Фрейд из ее книги The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (New York: International University Press, 1936).

²⁹ Краткое изложение см.: L. Kohlberg. Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach, в Lickona, Moral Development and Behavior, p. 31-53.

³⁰ См. ссылку 15 выше.

³¹Turiel. The Development of Social Concepts, p. 155.

³² Cm.: J. R. Rest. Morality, в: P. H. Mussen, The Handbook of Child Psychology, 4th ed. (New York: Wiley, 1983), vol. 3, p. 556-629, для критического анализа. Если вас заинтересует увлекательный анализ детских социальных суждений, проведенный с другой точки зрения, см.: William Damon, The Social World of the Child (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1977).

³³A. Blasi. Bridging Moral Cognition and Oral Action: A Critical Review of the Literature, Psychological Bulletin 88 (1980): 1-45.

³⁴Carl I. Malinowski и Charles P. Smith. Moral Reasoning and Moral Conduct: An Investigation Prompted by Kohlberg's Theory, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49 (1985): 1016-27.

Глава 4

¹Lickona. Raising Good Children, p. 168.

Глава 5

¹Kraut и Price. Machiavellianism; M. Lewis. Parental Attitudes.

²Bruno Bettelheim. The Uses of Enchantment (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), p. 9.

³H. Hartshome и M. A. May. Studies in Deceit.

⁴ Cm.: Rutter, Tizard и Whitmore, Education, Health and Behavior; Shepherd, Oppenheim и Mitchell. Childhood Behavior and Mental Health.

⁵ New York Times, 24 January, 1987.

⁶ Там же.

⁷ Более подробно стадии нравственного развития по Колбергу обсуждаются в главе 3.

⁸]odi Stewart. The Story Behind «Pig Boy», San Francisco Chronicle, 24 July 1988.

⁹M. Hoffman и H. Saltzstein. Parent Discipline and the Child's Moral Development, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5 (1967): p. 45.

¹⁰ Цитата из New York Times, 18 June, 1985, p. 23.