Психология стресса

Сапольски Роберт

Блокада восстановления с участием глюкокортикоидов от вызванной стрессом активации иммунной системы связана с аутоиммунитетом: Wick, G., Hu, Y.,Schwarz,

S., and Kroemer, G., “Immunoendocrine communication via the hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenal axis in autoimmune diseases,” Endocrine Reviews 14 (1993): 539; Sternberg,

E. , Chrousos, G., Wilder, R., and Gold, P., “The stress response and regulation of inflammatory disease,” Annals of Internal Medicine 117 (1992): 854; Rose, N., Bacon, L., and Sundick, R., “Genetic determinants of thyroiditis in the OS chicken,” Transplantation Reviews 31 (1976): 264-70; Heim, C., Ehlert, U., Hellhammer, D., “The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 25 (2000): 1; Wilder, R., “Arthritis,” in Fink, op. cit., vol. 1, 251; Takasu, N., Komiya, I., Nagasawa, Y., Aaswa, T., and Yamada, T., “Exacerbation of autoimmune thyroid dysfunction after unilateral adrenalectomy in patients with Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenocortical adenoma,” New England Journal of Medicine 322 (1990): 1708-12; Harbuz, S., and Lightman, S., “Stress and the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis: acute, chronic and immunological activation,” Journal of Endocrinology 134 (1992): 327-39; Green, M., and Lim, K., “Bronchial asthma with Addison’s disease,” The Lancet l (1971): 1159-65.

Сниженная чувствительность иммунных клеток к глюкокортикоидам и механизмы ее регулирования: Farrell, R. J., Kelleher, D., “Glucocorticoid resistance in inflammatory bowel disease,” Journal of Endocrinology 178 (2003): 339; Franchimont, D., Martens, H., Hagelstein, M., Louis, E., Dewe, W., Chrousos, G., Belaiche, J., Geenen, V., “TNF alpha decreases, and IL-10 increases, the sensitivity of human monocytes to dexamethasone: potential regulation of the GR,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 (1999): 2834; Pariante, C., Pearce, B., Pisell, T., Sanchez, C., Po, C., Su, C., Miller, A., “The proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1a, reduces glucocorticoid receptor translocation and function,” Endocrinology 140 (1999): 4359.

Имеются также свидетельства недостаточной активности симпатической нервной системы в некоторых всплесках активности аутоиммунной системы: Madden, K., “Catecholamines, sympathetic nerves, and immunity,” in Ader et al., “Psychoneuroimmunology, ”3rd ed., op. cit., 197.

Стр. 180. Идею о том, что глюкокортикоиды формируют иммунную реакцию, можно найти в Besedovsky, H., Del Ray, S., Sorkin, E., and Dinarello, C., “Immunoregulatory feedback between interleukin-1 and glucocorticoid hormones,” Science 233 (1986): 652; Besedovsky, H., and Del Ray, A., “Immuno-neuro-endocrine interactions: facts and hypotheses,” Endocrine Reviews 17 (1996): 64.

Стр. 182. Глюкокортикоиды как причина полезного перераспределения лимфоцитов: Dhabhar, F., and McEwen, B., “Stress-induced enhancement of antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity,” Journal of Immunology 156 (1996): 2608; McEwen, B., Biron,

C. , Brunson, K., Bulloch, K., Chambers, W., Dhabhar, F., Goldfarb, R., Kitson, R., Miller, A., Spencer, R., and Weiss, J., “The role of adrenocorticoids as modulators of immune function in health and disease: neural, endocrine and immune interactions,” Brain Research Reviews 23 (1997): 79; Dhabhar, F., McEwen, B., “Bidirectional effects of stress and glucocorticoid hormones on immune function: possible explanation for paradoxical observations,” in Ader et al., “Psychoneuroimmunology”, 3rd ed., op. cit., 301.

Стр. 182. Протяженные во времени стрессоры могут защитить от аутоиммунитета: Kuroda, Y., Mori, T., Hori, T., “Restraint stress suppresses experimental allergic encephalomyelitis,” Brain Research Bulletin 34 (1994): 15.

Стр. 183. Пациент сообщает о стрессе, ослабляющем аутоиммунитет: Affleck,

G. , et al., “Attributional processes in rheumatoid arthritis patients,” Arthritis and Rheumatology 30 (1987): 927. Документальные свидетельства того, что стресс может обострять некоторые аутоиммунные болезни: Leclere, J., and Weryha, G., “Stress and auto-immune endocrine diseases,” Hormone Research 31 (1989): 90; Weiner,

H. , “Social and psychobiological factors in autoimmune diseases,” in Ader, R., Felten,

D. , and Cohen, N., eds., “Psychoneuroimmunology”, 2d ed. (San Diego: Academic Press, 1991); Chiovato, L., and Pinchera, A., “Stressful life events and Graves’ disease,” European Journal of Endocrinology 134 (1996): 68; Rosch, P., “Stressful life events and Graves’ disease,” The Lancet 342 (1993): 566; Rimon, R., Belmaker, R., and Ebstein, R., “Psychosomatic aspects of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,” Scandina vian Journal of Rheumatology 6 (1977): 1; Dancey, C., Taghavi, M., and Fox, R., “The relationship between daily stress and symptoms of irritable bowel,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 44 (1998): 537; Homo-Delarche, F., Fitzpatrick, F., Christeff, N., Nunez, E., Bach, J., and Dardenne, M., “Sex steroids, glucocorticoids, stress and autoimmunity,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 40 (1991): 619; Potter, P., and Zautra, A., “Stressful life events’ effects on rheumatoid arthritis disease activity,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65 (1997): 319; Zautra, A., Burleson, M., Matt, K. I., Roth, S., Burrows, L., “Interpersonal stress, depression, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients,” Health Psychology 13 (1994): 139; Sekas, G., and Wile, M., “Stress-related illnesses and sources of stress: comparing M.

D. -Ph. D., M. D., and Ph. D. students,” Journal of Medical Education 55 (1980): 440; Buske-Kirschbaum, A., von Auer, K., Krieger, S., Weis, S., Rauh, W., Hellhammer, D., “Blunted cortisol responses to psychosocial stress in asthmatic children: a general feature of atopic disease?” Psychosomatic Medicine 65 (2003): 806; Harbuz, M. S., Korendowych,

E. , Jessop, D. S., Crown, A. L., Li, S. L., Kirwan, J. R., “Hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenal axis dysregulation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after the dexamethasone/ corticotrophin releasing factor test,” Journal of Endocrinology 178 (2003): 55.

Отчет

об отсутствии влияния стресса: Nispeanu, P., and Korczyn, A., “Psychological stress as risk factor for exacerbations in multiple sclerosis,” Neurology 43 (1993): 1311. Противоположные данные: Warren, S., Greenhill, S., and Warren, K., “Emotional stress and the development of multiple sclerosis: case-control evidence of a relationship,” Journal of Chronic Disease 35 (1982): 821; Ackerman, K., Heyman, R., Rabin, B., Anderon, B., Houck, P., Frank, E., Baum, A., “Stress life events precede exacerbations of multiple sclerosis,” Psychosomatic Medicine 64 (2002): 916. Критику утверждений о связи между стрессом и этими болезнями см. в Reder, A., “Multiple sclerosis,” in Fink, op. cit., vol. 2, 791.

Стресс может ухудшать аутоиммунитет у животных: Chandler, N., Jacobson, S., Esposito, P., Connolly, R., Theoharides, T., “Acute stress shortens the time to onset of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice,” Brain Behavior and Immunity 16 (2002): 757; Lehman, C., Rodin, J., McEwen, B., Brinton, R., “Impact of environmental stress on the expression of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,” Behavioral Neuroscience 2 (1991): 241; Joachim, R., Ouarcoo, D., Arck, P., Herz, U., Renz, H., Klapp, B., “Stress enhances airway reactivity and airway inflammation in an animal model of allergic bronchial asthma,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65 (2003): 811.

Стр. 189. Наличие социальных связей ассоциируется со снижением показателя смертности: House, J., Landis, K., and Umberson, D., “Social relationships and health,”

Science 241 (1988): 540. Социальные стрессоры особенно угнетают иммунитет: Herbert, T., and Cohen, S., “Stress and immunity in humans: a meta-analytic review,” Psychosomatic Medicine 55 (1993): 364; Berkman, L., “Health and Ways of Living: Findings from the Alameda County Study” (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983). Одинокие индивиды имели менее активные естественные клетки-киллеры: Kiecolt- Glaser, J., Garner, W., Speicher, C., Penn, G., and Glaser, R., “Psychosocial modifiers of immunocompetence in medical students,” Psychosomatic Medicine 46 (1984): 7. Социально изолированные рассматривают себя как одиноких: Kiecolt-Glaser, J., McGuire, L., Robles, T., Glaser, R., “Psychoneuroimmunology and psychosomatic medicine: back to the future,” Psychosomatic Medicine 64 (2002): 15-28; Cohen, S., Frank, E., Doyle, W., Skoner, D., Rabin, B., Gwaltney, J., “Types of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults,” Health Psychology 17 (1998): 214.

Такие факторы, как развод или супружеские раздоры, связаны с угнетенными аспектами иммунной функции. Анализировалось в Robles, T., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., “The physiology of marriage: pathways to health,” Physiology and Behavior 79 (2003): 409. Изоляция, ослабляющая иммунную функцию, рассматривалась в Kiecolt-Glaser et al., op. cit.; Leserman, J., Petitto, J., Golden, R., Gaynes, B., Gu, H., Perkins, D., Silva, S., Folds, J., Evans, D., “Impact of stressful life events, depression, social support, coping, and cortisol on progression to AIDS,” American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000): 1221.