Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие к практическим занятиям для биологов бакалавриата и магистратуры
Шрифт:
SECTION I
UNIT I
New words and expressions:
protection – защита
pollution – загрязнение
environment – окружающая среда
exhaust fumes – выхлопные газы
source – источник
resourсеs – ресурсы
chemical substances – химические вещества
drainage – канализация, сток
purifier – очиститель
dump – свалка
disposal – расположение
sewage – сточные воды
calamity – бедствие
contamination – загрязнение,
loss – потеря
species – виды
race – быстрое движение, путь
advancement – успех, прогресс
safeguard – гарантия, охрана, охранять
scatter – разбрасывать, рассеивать
distressing – огорчительный, внушающий беспокойство
irretrievable – непоправимый, невозместимый
Read the international words and give their Russian equivalents:
engineering, speculate, faculty, problem, ecology, civilization, industry, air, proportions, system, number, variety, expansion, urban, territory, asphalt, production, complexity, chemical, substances, combinations, role, resources, drainage, sphere, reason, reservoir, factory, era, national, ocean, seriously, figure, hectare, atmospheric, billion, ton, genetic, catastrophe, technological, investment, essential, protection, community, public.
I am a student of the Faculty of Geography. My future speciality is applied ecology.
That the problem of pollution and ecology has become the most important one for mankind is evident to all. The more civilization is developing, the greater the ecological problems are becoming. Air, water and soil pollution by industry is now reaching tremendous proportions. It destroys the environment in big cities. Air is polluted mainly by heating systems and cars. You know how heavy the traffic is in big cities. The slower the traffic, the more exhaust fumes there are. The acuteness of the problem depends on how well the country is developed and on the number of cars.
The variety of polluting sources is growing. The expansion of urban territories with asphalt-covered roads, the increase in the production and the complexity of chemical substances and combinations used in everyday life have led to the ever increasing role in polluting water resources played by the drainage from the territory of cities, towns and villages. Such scattered sources of pollution cannot be enclosed in a pipe with a purifier mounted on its outlet.
The sphere of water pollution is broadening. During recent years a new problem appeared – the pollution of ground water. It is caused by a great variety of reasons: numerous waste dumps scattered all over the area and exposed to the influence of rainwater, polluted surface reservoirs, the disposal of sewage from factories (waste matter as well) and the use of water on oilfields.
In our era water pollution is changing from a national to an international problem, especially in territories where rivers cross several countries. The seas and oceans are also becoming seriously polluted.
The figures of the Earth's ecological calamities are distressing. Forests are disappearing at the rate of 20 hectares per minute, or more than 500 000 hectares a year. The volume of atmospheric oxygen annually decreases by 10 billion tons – a consequence of the destruction of forests and the contamination of water reservoirs.
The planet's genetic fund has sustained irretrievable losses: hundreds of species of animals, birds, fish and plants have disappeared forever. All these figures show our race to ecological catastrophe.
Our scientific knowledge and technological advancement make it possible to eliminate It, if people use good will and make considerable Investments for that purpose.
The essential feature of environmental protection is that many problems can be solved only at the level of world community. It is the joint efforts of many scientists and special public organizations that can deal with the problem and make necessary measures to protect the environment.
Joint actions of all countries can eliminate pollution and achieve successes in purifying air, water and soil and in safeguarding national resources.
EXERCISES:
I. Translate the following into English:
protect – protection, pollute – pollution, contaminate – contamination, purify – purifier – purification, environment – environmental, chemistry – chemist – chemical, source – resources, dispose – disposal, sewage – sewerage, lose – loss, eliminate – elimination, advance – advancement.
2. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:
проблема
3. Open the brackets and use the proper tense:
1) The problem of pollution (become) the most important one for mankind,
2) Air, water and soil pollution (destroy) the environment.
3) The sphere of water pollution (broaden).
4) Water pollution (change) from a national to an international problem.
5) The planet's genetic fund (sustain) irretrievable losses.
4. Make questions of the following statements and then give short answers to each of them:
1) Hundreds of species of animals and plants have disappeared forever.
2) Our scientific knowledge and technological advancement make it possible to eliminate ecological catastrophe.
3) The essential feature of environmental protection is that many problems can be solved only at the level of world community.
4) Joint actions of all countries can eliminate pollution.
5) Air, water and soil pollution by industry is now reaching tremendous proportions.
6) Air is polluted mainly by heating systems and cars.