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Наср Вали

¹⁴¹ Ollie Heinonen, «The 20 Percent Solution», Foreign Policy, January 11, 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/11/the_20_percent_soluyion.

¹⁴² Richard Haas, «Enough Is Enough», Newsweek, January 22, 2010, http://www.thedailybeast.com/nesweek/2010/01/21/enough-is-enough.html.

¹⁴³ См.: Fareed Zakaria, «How History Could Deter Iranian Aggression», Washington Post, February 15, 2012,а также «Deterring Iran Is Best Option», Washington Post, March 14, 2012,Bruce Riedel,

«Iran Is Not an Existential Threat», thedailynewsegypt.com, January 20, 2012,Maloney, «How to Contain a Nuclear Iran». Более ранние повторы этих дебатов освещены у: David Sanger, «Debate Grows on Nuclear Containment of Iran», New York Times, March 13, 2010,О том, как может выглядеть сдерживание, см.: James Lindsay and Ray Takeyh, «After Iran Gets the Bomb: Containment and Its Complications», Foreign Affairs, March/April2010, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66032/james-m-lindsay-and-ray-takeyh/after-iran-gets-the-bomb.

¹⁴⁴ «Vice President Biden: Iraq Could Be One of the Great Achievements of This Administration», ABC News, February 11, 2011, http://abcnres.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/02/vice-president-biden-iraq-could-be-one-of-the-great-achievements-of-this-administration/.

¹⁴⁵ Kenneth Pollock, «Maliki Dilemma», National Interest, February 1, 2012, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-maliki-dilemma-6418.

¹⁴⁶ Toby Dodge, «The Resistible Rise of Nuri Al-Maliki», Opendemocracy, March 22, 2012, http://www.opendemocracy.net/toby-dodge/resistible-rise-of-nuri-al-maliki.

¹⁴⁷ Liz Sly, «U.S. Policy on Iraq Questioned as Influence Wanes, Maliki Consolidates Power», Washington Post, April 8, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-policy-on-iraq-questioned-as-influence-wanes/2012/04/08/gIQAHEAU4S_story.html?hpid=z1.

¹⁴⁸ Joseph R. Biden and Leslie H. Gelb, «Unity Through Autonomy in Iraq», New York Times, May 1, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/01/opinion/01biden.html?pagewanted=all.

¹⁴⁹ Joseph R. Biden, «A Plan to Hold Iraq Together», Washington Post, August 24, 2006,«Biden Vows to Fight Troop Surge in Iraq», CBS News, February 11, 2009, http://www.cbsnews.com/2100—250_162—2299237.html.

¹⁵⁰ Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor, The Endgame: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Iraq, from George W. Bush to Barack Obama (New York: Pantheon, 2012), pp. 628—50.

¹⁵¹ Michael R. Gordon, «Failed Efforts and Challenges of America’s Last Months in Iraq», New York Times, September23, 2012, p. A1.

¹⁵² Martin S. Indyk, Kenneth G. Lieberthal, and Michael E. O’Hanlon, Bending History: Barack Obama’s Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2012).

¹⁵³ Gordon and Trainor, The Endgame, p. 657.

¹⁵⁴ Sly, «U.S. Policy on Iraq Questioned».

¹⁵⁵ Serena Chaudhry, «Feeling Marginalized, Some Iraq Sunnis Eye Autonomy», Reuters. January 1, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/01/us-iraq-politics-sunnis-idUSTRE80005620120101.

¹⁵⁶ «Kurdish Leader Accuses Iraqi PM of Leading Country to ‘Dictatorship’»Al-Arabiya News, March 21, 2012, http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/03/21/202063.html.

¹⁵⁷ Salah Nasrawi,

«2011: Why Did Iraq Miss the Arab Spring?» Ahram Online, December 31, 2011, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/30638/World/Region/-Why-did-Iraq-miss-the-Arab-Spring.aspx.

¹⁵⁸ Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (New York: Norton, 2006).

¹⁵⁹ Vali Nasr, «When Shiites Rise», Foreign Affairs, July/August 2006, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61733/vali-nasr/when-the-shiits-rise.

¹⁶⁰ David Laitin, Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change Among the Yoruba (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).

¹⁶¹ Существует множество научных исследований, объясняющих отсутствие межобщинного насилия, когда государства могут обосновать власть меньшинства, что затрудняет возможность бунта. Donald Horovitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Peterson, Understanding Ethnic Violence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Stuart Kaufman, Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).

¹⁶² Vali Nasr, «Regional Implications of Shia Revival in Iraq», Washington Quarterly 27, no. 3 (Summer 2004): 7—24.

¹⁶³ Vali Nasr, «Syria After the Fall», New York Times, July 29, 2012, p. SR4; Fouad Ajami, The Syrian Rebellion (Stanford, CA, Hoover Institution Press, 2012), pp. 111—34.

¹⁶⁴ О важности этих гражданских связей см.: Ashutosh Varshney, Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002).

¹⁶⁵ О том, как политический интерес мог нарушить политические взгляды на самоидентификацию и превратить его в насилие, см.: Paul R. Brass, The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011).

¹⁶⁶ Steven Wilkinson, Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India (New York: Cambridge University, 2004).

¹⁶⁷ Benjamin Miller, States, Nations, and Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and Peace (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

¹⁶⁸ Niall Fergusson, The War of the World (new York: Penguin, 2006), pp. 28–30, 255.

¹⁶⁹ Vali Nasr, «If the Arab Spring Turns Ugly», New York Times, August 27, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/opinion/sunday/the-dangers-lurking-in-the-arab-spring.html?pagewanted=all.

¹⁷⁰ Ayad Allawi, «How the U.S. and the World Can Help Iraq», Washington Post, August 31, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-the-us-and-world-can-help-iraq/2011/08/30/gIQAIPZxsJ_story.html.