T?rki halyqtary men tilderi

Turki tilderi men halyqtarynyn – olardyn so?leyshilerinin damy prosesinde d?alektiler men tilder pa?da boldy, olar bir jagynan uqsastyqtarmen – olardyn shygy teginin birliginin saldary retinde, al ekinshi jagynan – ortaq turki tilinin ydyrayymen tusindiriletin a?yrmashylyqtarmen-aldymen d?alektilerge, sodan ke?in jeke tilder men Tilder toptaryna negizdeldi. Turki halyqtary Alta? taylary a?magynda ken kenistikte qalyptasady jane mongol, tyngys-manchjyr jane t?bet-qyta? halyqtarynyn basqa tildik toptarymen ozara arekettesedi. "Alta?" sozinin ozi turki tilindegi "altyn" – "altyn", mongol tilindegi "altyn"sozinen shyqqan. "Altan tobch? "nemese" Altan tovch "("altyn tu?me "nemese" altyn qo?ma") – XVII gasyrdagy mongol shejiresi. Alta? ejelden pol?metaldar, temir rydasy, synap, sonda?-aq altynnyn ba? ken oryndarymen tanymal.

Alta? turikteri arturli ta?palar men halyqtardy, sonyn ishinde turki emes halyqtardy bagyndyrdy. B?lik, jazbasha derekkozder korsetkende?, ulken mal tabyndaryn, tonalgan mulikti j?nagan jane oz sharyashylygynda quldary bar ta?palyq dvorandardyn qolynda shogyrlangan. Bul feodaldyq-patr?arhaldyq birlestiktin basynda qagan turdy. Ala?da, Alta? turikteri men olarga bagynyshty halyqtar arasynda ta?palyq, negizinen ali de algashqy qogamdyq u?ym bolyp qala berdi jane qazirgi magynada ali de synyptar bolgan joq. Memleket ekonom?kanyn damyy birde? tyysqan ta?palardyn nazik birlestigi boldy.

Bizdin dayirimizdin I mynjyldygyndagy Alta? turikterinin tar?hy negizinen arheolog?alyq jane jazbasha derekkozderden belgili. Negizgi arheolog?alyq kozder-jerley jane olardan tabylgan zattar. Osy yaqytta adamdy atpen jane atqa miny ushin atpen birge jerley dasturi taralady. Tayly Alta?dyn angarlarynda tortburyshty topyraq shunqyrlary ornalasqan shagyn tas qorgandar qazyldy. Bul shunqyrlarga jerlengenderdin artyna sozylgan. Jerlengen adamnyn qasynda jylqy jerlengen. Ke?de qabirler betinde tek tas saq?namen belgilenedi. Qorymnyn ortasynda adette asyl adamnyn qabiri bolgan, al a?nalasynda onymen birge jerlengen jayyngerlerdin nemese quldardyn qabirleri bolgan. Songysynyn kede?ligi ortalyq qabirdin ba?lygyn kurt korsetedi. Sonymen qatar ulken qorgandar bar. Olardagy jerley jabdyqtardyn ba?lygymen jane jerley rasiminin kurdeliligimen erekshelenedi. Qabirge jebeleri bar diril, temir pyshaq, asheke?lengen belbeyler, kone turki jazylary bar kumis ydystar qo?yldy. Bolimderdin artynda jylqylardyn qanqalary jatty. Munda? qorgandar Alta?da Katanda ayylynyn janynda, Tu?ahtada jane Kyzbasstagy Yr ozeninde ashyldy.

Enyi malshylar-qazirgi Iakyt?a aymagyna ?akyttardyn turkitildes ata – babalary Ba?kaldan B.Z. VI-X gasyrlardan bastap, Quryqandar angar men Lenada omir surgen kezden bastap uzaq yaqyt bo?y keldi (bul Kyrymch?n maden?eti dep atalady). Ala?da, bul jerlerde turki halqy da boldy. Temir dayirinin en kone qonysy Iakytskiden tomen Iyuke ozeninen tabylgan. Iakyt?anyn algashqy temir dayirinin erekshe maden?eti Lenanyn tomengi agysyndagy Olekm?nsk pen S?ktahtyn ustindegi Muhty?a ayylynyn manyndagy eldi mekendermen usynylgan. Halyq anshylyq pen balyq aylaymen a?nalysqan. Iakyt halqy lenada Ontustik turkitildes qonys aydaryshylardyn jergilikti ta?palardy basyp alyy nat?jesinde pa?da boldy. Iakyttardyn Ontustik ata – babalarynyn songy tolqyny orta zygyrga tek XIV-XV gasyrlarda engen dep boljanyda.ke?bir jergilikti toptar ?akyttar, mysaly, soltustik-batystagy Bugy osiryshi ?akyttar, evenkterdin jekelegen toptaryn ortalyq a?maqtardan shyqqan ?akyttarmen aralastyry nat?jesinde salystyrmaly turde jaqynda pa?da boldy. Iakyttardyn qogamdyq omirinde rylyq ju?enin koptegen qaldyqtary qaldy, rylyq kek saqtaldy. Antropolog?alyq turgydan ?akyttar Ortalyq Az?aga jane mongolo?dtyq nasildin Ba?kal turlerine jatady. Iakyttar tirshilik ety ortasy, maden? jane turmystyq a?yrmashylyqtar bo?ynsha birqatar jergilikti toptarga bolinedi – amg?no-Lena, V?lu?, olekm?n, verho?an, Soltustik. Iakyttardyn ekonom?kasy men mater?aldyq maden?etinde Ortalyq Az?anyn malshylaryna uqsas belgiler basym, biraq soltustik Ta?ga elementteri de bar. 20-shy jyldary XVII gasyr ?akyttar Rese? memleketinin quramyna kirdi, bul olardyn aleymettik-ekonom?kalyq jane maden? damyyn jedeldetti. Sonymen birge ?akyt halyqtyq massalary patsha sheneynikteri, saydagerler men an terisin satyp alyshylar tarapynan qatygez ?asach? ezgisine, oreskel qysymga ushyra? bastady.

Feodal?zmge quldyq ju?e arqyly kelgen elder ushin (mysaly, Qyta?, Undistan, Iran ushin – Az?ada, Ital?a, Frans?a, Ispan?a ushin – Eyropada) feodaldyq qatynastarga koshy ejelgi yaqytta quryla bastagan ulttardyn qalyptasyyndagy jana qadamdy bildirdi. Feodal?zmge algashqy qayymdyq ju?eden tikele? kelgen elder ushin (mysaly, Eyropada – German?a, Angl?a, Skand?nav?a elderi, Rese?, Cheh?a, Polsha, shygysta – ke?bir turki ta?palary ushin), ta?palar men ta?palyq birlestikterden ulttardyn pa?da boly prosesi feodal?zmnin damyymen birge bastaldy. Eyropa men Az?adagy birqatar ta?palyq toptar men birlestikterde (mysaly, mongol jane ke?bir turki ta?palarynda) bul prosestin bastalyy salystyrmaly turde kesh yaqytqa, XI—XIII gasyrlarga jatady.

Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.