54 исторические миниатюры и 29 переводов. Сборник
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In 1574 Ivan IV attaches lands along the Tobol River to the possessions of Stroganov.
Stroganovs received the right to populate the earth with people, judge them during 20 years old, not to pay government taxes and duties. Stroganovs had the right to build cities, to have military men, produce cannons.
On acquired lands Stroganovs develops salt, fish, ores extraction, cultivates arable farming.
The Stroganovs owned vast lands and received a large income from the salt and trade furs. They were not subject to Royal governors and, subject only to the personal Royal court.
In 1581 the Stroganovs recruited, equipped, armed, sent a detachment of Cossacks under command of ataman Yermak Timofeyevich.
In 1582 Ermak breaks the troops of Kuchum Khan and enters into the capital of the Siberian Kingdom (Khanate of Sibir) Isker (Qashliq).
In 1584 completed the period of the reign of Ivan IV but the Stroganovs continue to be active in Russian history.
Stroganovs had a significant monetary and military assistance to the Second Volunteer Army..
In the first years of the reign of Michael I of Russia, the first Russian Tsar of the house of Romanov, when the Treasury was depleted, and often lacked the funds for the maintenance of military men, the Stroganovs had major cash and food aid to the state.
During the Great Northern War (1700-21), the Stroganovs rendered great financial aid to Peter I.
– Perhaps, - Ivanov stared at Pavlenkova, - we get the first group of concepts that characterize the history of the Empire:
Independence
Security
Centralization,
Ural,
Siberia,
Initiative commercial, industrial, and free people.
Pavlenkov thoughtfully looked at Ivanova.
Ivanov continued:
– The desire to develop trade and cultural relations with Europe was one of the motives of the beginning of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Livonian War (1558-1583).
Successful start of the Livonian war showed the importance of positive reform of the army and the state apparatus.
However, there has been a "problem of coalition". Russia had to wage war simultaneously against Lithuania, Poland, Denmark and Sweden. Many forces were distracted by raids of Devlet I Giray, a khan of the Crimean Khanate, on the southern margin of the state. Despite this, Ivan IV rejected the truce in 1566 and continued the fight against the bloc of States in the absence of allies.
In the late 70's-beginning 80-ies the Russian troops were forced to leave all the conquered territory. The Livonian war ended inconclusively. In the end of the Livonian war ended badly for Russia, and Russia's access to the Baltic sea was carried out only in the early 18th century. Under the leadership of Peter the Great. The result of the Great Northern War of 1700-1721.
So, thinking about the Livonian war, we come to another group of concepts, describing the history of the Empire:
– coalition,
– reform of the army (Peter the Great added the task of creating a fleet),
– positive government reform (creation of a professional army by Peter the Great demanded changes in the tax system, improved budgetary process).
– Concisely!
– appreciated Pavlenkov.
– But - in general - corresponds to the generally accepted historical concepts.
The activities of Peter the Great is a positive and practical development of concepts, describing the history of the Empire, - continued Ivanov.
– First, ensuring state independence, security, the trend for centralization,
Second, the development of the Urals and Siberia, the development of industry in these regions
Third, the coalition. Peter the Great actively sought to act in a "Holy League"of 1684, uniting the Papal States, the Holy Roman Empire, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Venetian Republic, the Tsardom of Russia. "Holy League" against the Ottoman Empire.
Peter the Great contributed to the creation of anti-Swedish coalition (the so-called Northern Alliance). In different periods of the Northern Alliance was composed of Russia, Denmark, Saxony, Poland, Hanover and Prussia.
Peter I managed to achieve a rapprochement with France and sign the Treaty of Amsterdam 1717 of Alliance and friendship between Russia, France and Prussia.
Russia was among the great European powers.
Fourth, the reform of the army and the Navy, a positive reform of the state apparatus belong to the generally recognized achievements of Peter the Great.
Fifth, the reform of the tax system, improve the budget process, has provided funding for the army, Navy and other government spending.
There is an opinion that excessive growth of expenditure for military needs, and the severity of taxation - these are the main features of the state economy under Peter the Great.
The state budget reached at the end of the reign of Peter to 8 and a half million. The new tax replaced the old taxes, and gave significant against the previous surplus (2.8 million). 3/4 of state funds spent on the maintenance of the military Department: the land forces (4.6 million) and Navy (1.4 million). From the rest covered the cost of diplomacy, administration, court, public buildings and so on. It should be noted that the poll tax was established when state-owned costs have increased; all the available funds of Central and local offices were allocated to cover the maintenance of the army and Navy, and the old ways of increasing state revenue were invalid before the formidable fact of the exhaustion of means of payment and reduction of the indigenous population of Russia.