Английский язык для юристов. Предпринимательское право
Шрифт:
8. When is the endorsement of both payees required and when not?
Exercise 2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following:
Лицо, выписавшее дружеский вексель; листок, прилагаемый к векселю для дополнительных индоссаментов; переуступка; бумага на предъявителя; бланковый индоссамент; индоссамент, содержащий определенное условие; отказывать в акцепте или оплате векселя; полный индоссамент; учет векселя; передаточная надпись, содержащая специальное условие; ограниченный индоссамент; именная передаточная надпись.
Exercise 3. Consult recommended dictionaries and give words or phrases to the following definitions:
Простой
Exercise 4. Be ready to talk on one of the following topics:
1. Differentiate between an assignment and a negotiation of commercial paper.
2. Name and describe four kinds of endorsements.
3. Identify the implied warranties that are made when people indorse negotiable instruments.
4. Explain the contract that is made when people indorse negotiable instruments.
5. Determine the endorsements required on instruments with more than one payee.
Exercise 5. Make up your own dialog on the case: In Riegler v. Riegler, husband and wife both signed as makers of a note and were subsequently divorced. When the payee secured judgment against both parties, the husband sued his ex-wife for contribution. The wife argued that she only signed as an accommodation party and was not liable. The trail court found for the husband, because the wife had received benefits from the proceeds of the note. On appeal, the Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed on the basis of the wife's testimony that the proceeds of the note were used to build a house in which she had a half interest.
Unit 13
Holders in Due Course, Defenses, and Liabilities
Добросовестное владение и обстоятельства, освобождающие от ответственности
Добросовестность владения определяется тем, что владелец не знает и не должен знать о незаконности своего владения, при этом, возможно, и осознавая, что собственником соответствующей вещи он не является. Поэтому установление добросовестности зависит от оснований завладения вещью (статья 10 ГК РФ).
– failure (want) of consideration – отпадение встречного удовлетворения, отпадение основания договора
– holder – держатель; владелец; предъявитель
– holder in due course – законный владелец, держатель
– lack of consideration – недостаточность возмещения
– personal (limited) defense – правовая защита против ограниченного круга держателей ценных бумаг
– presentment – предъявление векселя к акцепту или оплате
– primary liability – первичное обязательство
– protest – протест, опротестование (векселя) || опротестовывать (вексель)
– real (universal) defense – универсальная защита против неограниченного круга держателей ценных бумаг
– secondary liability – акцессорная ответственность; субсидиарная ответственность
A holder in due course is a holder who takes the instrument for value, in good faith, without notice that it is overdue or has been dishonored and without notice of any defenses against it or claim to it. Holders in due course receive more rights in negotiable instruments than their transferors had. Largely for this reason, negotiable instruments are passed freely from one person to another almost in the same way as money. A payee may be a holder in due course.
A holder in due course takes an instrument free from all claims to it on the part of any person and free from all personal defenses of any party with whom the holder has not dealt. Personal defenses (sometimes called limited defenses) can be used against a holder, but not a holder in due course, of a negotiable instrument. When an instrument is negotiated to a holder in due course, personal defenses cannot be used against a holder in due course unless one has first dealt with the holder in due course. The most common personal defenses are breach of contract, lack or failure of consideration, fraud in the inducement, lack of delivery, and payment.
Lack of consideration is a defense that may be used by a maker or drawer of an instrument when no consideration existed in the underlying contract for which the instrument was issued. The ordinary rules of contract law are followed to determine the presence or absence of consideration in such a case.
Failure (want) of consideration is different. It is a defense that the maker or drawer has available when the party dealt with breaches of the contract by not furnishing the agreed consideration.
Both lack of consideration and failure of consideration are limited defenses. They may not be used against a holder in due course.
Some defenses can be used against everyone, including holders in due course. These defenses are known as real, or universal, defenses. No one is required to pay an instrument when they have a real defense. Real defenses include infancy and mental incompetence, illegality and duress, fraud as to the essential nature of the transaction, bankruptcy, unauthorized signature, and alteration.
There are two kinds of fraud: fraud in the inducement and fraud as to the essential nature of the transaction. The first is a personal defense; the second is a real defense. When someone is induced by a fraudulent statement or act to enter into a contract, that person may have the contract rescinded. Likewise, the defense of fraud in the inducement may be used against a holder of a negotiable instrument that is issued as part of the transaction. Since the defense is limited, it may not be used against a holder in due course.
Every commercial instrument may be revoked by its maker or drawer until it has been delivered to the payee. Delivery is the transfer of possession from one person to another. If the transfer of possession is not intended to give the transferee rights, delivery is made in a physical sense, but the instrument has not been «issued.» Thus, in the event a payee forcibly, unlawfully, or conditionally takes an instrument from a drawer, the drawer has the defense of conditional delivery. The payee therefore may be denied the right to collect on the instrument. If the payee negotiates the instrument to a holder in due course, however, this defense is cut off.