Английский язык. Практический курс для решения бизнес-задач
Шрифт:
Конечно, эти планы далеки от реализации. Поток спекуляций на этой неделе был спровоцирован менеджерами «Газпрома», которые обычно более небрежны в заявлениях о возможных поглощениях, чем могут себе позволить руководители компании, чьи ADR торгуются на западных биржах. Но идея в целом выглядит правдоподобной.
Ранее объявленная цель «Газпрома» – контролировать 20% газового рынка Британии. Чтобы достичь этого, совсем не обязательно иметь дистрибьютора в собственности. Но дело в том, что если Centrica испытывает нехватку газа (компания потеряла газовые месторождения в ходе либерализации рынка), то у «Газпрома» его в избытке.
Но у «Газпрома»
Любая связка «Газпром»—Centrica будет шагом к воссозданию той самой вертикальной интеграции (производитель – ретейлер), разрушить которую и была призвана либерализация британского рынка. На самом деле некоторая реинтеграция уже идет благодаря усилиям розничных энергокомпаний, стремящихся заполучить хотя бы часть производителей в собственность. Но объединение крупнейшего розничного торговца газом с таким крупным производителем, как «Газпром», потребует крайне жестких мер регулирования, чтобы предотвратить, например, хищническое ценообразование.
Даже если «Газпром» никогда не сделает предложение о покупке, другие крупные производители газа могут открыть охоту на ретейлеров. Было бы неплохо заранее подумать о последствиях таких сделок.
Источник: Ведомости, 07.02.2006
Lesson 19
New Industry
Read and translate the text and learn terms from the Essential Vocabulary.
Venture capital
Venture capital (VC) is capital provided by outside investors for financing of new, growing or struggling businesses. A venture capital fund is a pooled investment vehicle that primarily invests the financial capital of third-party investors in enterprises that are too risky for the standard capital markets or bank loans.
Venture capital differs substantially from ‘traditional’ financing:
– Funding provided to new firms with potential for above-average growth.
– Often provided to startup and other emerging enterprises because they lack the collateral, track record, or earnings required to get a loan.
– The investment, typically requiring a high potential of return, is structured so that it can be liquidated within three to seven years
– Then an initial public offering may take place, or the business merges or is sold, or other sources of capital are found.
– The entrepreneur relinquishes ownership and control of the business.
– VCs typically expect a 20—50% annual ROI at the time they are bought out.
– Typical investments range from $500,000 to $5 million.
– Management experience is a major consideration in evaluating financing prospects.
Venture capital fund operations
The VCs and their partners. Venture capital general partners may be former CEOs at firms similar to those which the partnership funds. Investors in venture capital funds are typically large institutions with huge amounts of available capital, such as state and private pension funds, university endowments, insurance companies, and pooled investment vehicles.
Other positions at venture capital firms include venture partners and entrepreneur-in-residence (EIR). Venture partners
Fixed-lifetime funds. Most venture capital funds have a fixed life of ten years. This model was pioneered by some of the most successful funds in Silicon Valley through the 1980s to invest in technological trends broadly but only during their period of ascendance, and to cut exposure to management and marketing risks of any individual firm or its product.
In such a fund, the investors have a fixed commitment to the fund that is «called down» by the VCs over time as the fund makes its investments. In a typical venture capital fund, the VCs receive an annual management fee equal to 2% of the committed capital to the fund and 20% of the net profits of the fund («two and 20»). Because a fund may run out of capital prior to the end of its life, larger VCs usually have several overlapping funds at the same time. Smaller firms tend to thrive or fail with their initial industry contacts.
How and why VCs invest
Investments by a venture capital fund can take the form of either preferred stock equity or a combination of equity and debt obligation, often with convertible debt instruments that become equity if a certain level of risk is exceeded. The common stock is often reserved by covenant for a future buyout, as VC investment criteria usually include a planned exit event (an IPO or acquisition), normally within 3 to 7 years.
Venture capital is not suitable for many entrepreneurs. Venture capitalists are very selective in deciding what to invest in; as a rule of thumb, a fund invests only in about one in 400 opportunities presented to it. They are most interested in ventures with high growth potential, as only such opportunities are likely capable of providing the financial returns and successful exit event within the required timeframe that venture capitalists expect. Because of such expectations, most venture funding goes into companies in the fast-growing technology and life sciences or biotechnology fields.