Регионы в современном мире: глобализация и Азия. Зарубежное регионоведение
Шрифт:
The Balkan Peninsula is an integral part of the European (Maritime) Route. Chinese Premier Li Keqiang “described the port of Piraeus as a pearl in the Mediterranean Sea and said it could become one of the most competitive ports of the world” 1 . Also, the Balkans is well connected (transport and economic ties) with Western Turkey (CAWA route) and Central Europe (NELB).
As a result, in September 2019, a direct railway connection was established via NELB from Jinan (Shandong Province) to Belgrade (Serbia) 2 . In this context, the initiative to modernize the Belgrade–Budapest railway should also be considered. In 2014 governments of China, Serbia, Hungary and Macedonia signed an agreement on the modernization of railroad traffic with the intention to extend the Budapest-Belgrade railway to the south towards Macedonia and Greece through a North-South vertical. Thus, the new transport corridor would connect the port in Piraeus and the most important traffic junctions of Central Europe, which are part of the NELB.
1
Renee Maltezou. Greece seeks role as China’s gateway to Europe // Reuters, June 20, 2014. URL:(date of access: 01.09.2019).
2
Ljudmila Cvetkovic. Prvi teretni voz iz Kine putuje ka Srbiji // Radio Slobodna Evropa, oktobar 1, 2019. URL:(date of access: 02.10.2019).
Тhe CEE (Central – Eastern Europe) region “is attractive to China thanks to its strategic geographical position for the New Silk Road project, its high-skilled yet cheap labour, and its open trade and investment environment.” [Stanzel, 2016. P. 1].
Тable 1: Land and Maritime routes – Belt and Road Initiative 3
3
According to: Bala Ramasamy, Matthew Yeung, Chorthip Utoktham, Yann Duval, “Trade and trade facilitation along the Belt and Road Initiative corridors”, Working Paper Series, No. 172, Asia – Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade – UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 2017, pp. 9–22; Richard Ghiasy, Fei Su, Lora Saalman, The 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road: Security implications and ways forward for the European Union, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute – Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Stockholm, 2018, pp. 4–31.
Table 2: Chinese firms’ major construction contracts in the Western Balkans, 2010–2017 [Holzner, Schwarzhappel, 2018. P. 17]
The number of major Chinese projects contracted in the Western Balkans (shown in Table 2) “since the outbreak of the global financial crisis is non-negligible. Overall, Chinese infrastructure projects make up about USD 9.1 billion (EUR 7.8 billion). Almost 90% of these, however, have been initiated only since 2013. The most important transport sector contractor is the predominantly state-owned China Communications Construction Company. In the energy sector, the state-owned China National Machinery Industry Corporation – known as Sinomach – is the leading contractor. Geographically, the prime target of Chinese construction contracts is Serbia.” [Holzner, Schwarzhappel, 2018. P. 17]. The increased interest of Chinese investors and banks in investing in Greece is also evident (shown in Table 3).
In Bulgaria „In the realm of infrastructure, the China Machinery Engineering Corporation (CMEC) signed in 2019 a €120 million contract with the joint stock company Logistical Center-Varna for the joint development of port infrastructure in Bulgaria’s largest seaside city of Varna. This is the first project of its kind that Beijing is going to realize in Bulgaria and is part of the Belt and Road Initiative. China has also made a major investment in innovative Bulgarian business. The China-CESEE Investment Corporation Fund (a $500 million private equity fund launched in 2014 through financing provided by the Exim Bank of China) acquired a 10% share in Walltopia – a world leading Bulgarian manufacturer and installer of mounting walls. Moreover, the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) has expressed interest in the construction of the Belene nuclear power plant in cooperation with Russia’s Rosatom.” 4 Chinese companies are also increasingly present in Romania: „The Dutch multinational company Nidera, the largest trader in commodities for agricultural markets with operations in Romania, which was taken over in 2017 by COFCO, China; The American company Smithfield Foods, a global leader in pig farms and pork production, with a branch in Romania that manages 46 farms in the counties of Timi and Arad, which was taken over in 2013 by Shuanghui International, in the largest ever Chinese acquisition of an American company (over USD 7 billion); The famous Italian tyre maker, the world’s fifth largest, Pirelli, which was taken over in 2015 by the Chinese state conglomerate ChemChina in a USD 7.7 billion deal, including two factories in Romania”. [Pencea, 2017. P. 24]. Curiosity is the fact that China’s most modest activities have been detected in Albania. „In 2016 China’s Everbright Group bought Tirana’s N"en"e Tereza International Airport Company and it has a concession on the airport until 2027. The aim is to set up a logistics centre to transport Chinese goods into Europe and to promote tourism in Albania, especially tourists from China“ 5 .
4
Rumena Filipova. Chinese Influence in Bulgaria: Knocking on a Wide Open Door? // China Observers in Central and Eastern Europe, September 09 2019. URL:(date of access: 02.10.2019.
5
Anne-Marie Brady, Hiromichi Higashi. Are we real friends? Albania-China relations in the Xi Era”, Sinopsis – China in Context and Perspective, Institute of East Asian Studies at Charles University // NGO AcaMedia. Prague. 2019. URL:(date of access: 02.10.2019).
Of course, some authors are right to state that „these projects are not FDI, but mostly public investment contracts financed by Chinese banks; not all the projects might be realised.“ [Holzner, Schwarzhappel, 2018. P. 17]. So the data presented in Tables 2. and 3. can also be deceiving.
Several major projects announced in Bulgaria and Romania have failed or have been delayed. 6
Table 3: Major Chinese Investments in Greece 2009–2017. [Bastian, 2017.
6
Mario Tanev. Bulgaria’s Bulstrad files petition for bankruptcy proceedings against Litex Motors // SEENews, March 29, 2017. URL:(date of access: 10.10.2019).
In Romania “The Cernavoda Nuclear Power Plant is one of the most important Romanian – Chinese projects that have not been implemented. Because of the quick succession of Romanian governments, the negotiations were delayed for more than two years. /…/ The project was estimated to cost around 6.4 billion euro (8 billion dollars).” [Popescu, Br^inza, 2018. P. 32]. A preliminary investors’ agreement has been signed in May 2019, but now, after five years of negotiations, a new problem has arisen: “The fact that the Chinese partner is under US sanctions would make this subject very politically sensitive for Nuclearelectrica“ 7 .
7
Fondul Proprietatea: Romania’s Nuclearelectrica should not invest in more nuclear units // Romania Insider, 06 September 2019. URL:(date of access: 05.10.2019).
In the case of Bulgaria and Romania, the reasons for the relative failure should also be sought in the EU’s membership of the two countries. „As an EU Member State Bulgaria has an access to the EU Structural Funds which provide partial grants and this makes Chinese loans less attractive.“ [Zhelev, 2018. P. 12]
However, despite some failures, it should be emphasized that China’s presence in the Balkan economies has been expanding since 2009, and especially since the launch of the BRI in 2013. Everything the Chinese have accomplished has been done in just 5–10 years.
1. Western Powers vs Chinfluence
The rapid spread of Chinese influence in the Balkans has caused both EU and US reactions. European Commissioner for Enlargement Johannes Hahn warned of the role of China in the Western Balkans and the possibility that Beijing will transform the region’s countries into Trojan horses that will one day be members of the EU 8 .
„The German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel appealed to EU members to pursue a common foreign policy vis-`a-vis China to counter Beijing’s tactics: If we do not succeed, for example, in developing a single strategy towards China, then China will succeed and dividing Europe, he said. China is increasingly anticipated by the EU as a threat.“ [Prorokovic, 2017. P. 9]. For US analysts, the Chinese approach is clear, and therefore very problematic: „Interestingly, a comparison could be made with the United States between the two world wars and China’s promotion of the MSRI (Maritime Silk Road Initiative, as a part of BRI, remark by D. P.).“ [Blanchard, Flint, 2017. P. 235].
8
Ryan Heath, Andrew Gray. Beware Chinese Trojan horses in the Balkans, EU warns // Politico, 27.07.2018. URL:(date of access: 02.02.2019).
To a certain extent, it is unbelievable that Chinese influence is growing despite the fact that most Balkan countries are in the EU and/or NATO. The analysis of Slovenian IFIMES offers a simple explanation of this phenomenon: “European leaders have often confirmed their support to the Western Balkans and its Euro Atlantic road, expressing at the same time concerns about the impact of individual states in the region, particularly Russia, China and Turkey. The EU with its enlargement stalemate practically pushes the Western Balkans counters to Russian hug, to blame in the end those countries for their close relations and cooperation with Russia. However, some EU states always set new requirements and membership criteria for the Western Balkans. Some experts have been pointing out that 15 EU member countries would not be able to fully meet the membership criteria now, which are required from the Western Balkans countries.” 9
9
Western Balkans 2019: Does the EU push the Western Balkans countries to the Russian „hug“?“ // The International Institute for Middle East and Balkan Studies, Ljubljana, October 16.2019. URL:(date of access: 20.02.2020).
In addition, the hypocrisy or double standards of both – the EU institutions and key European countries are often visible. Germany, for example, strongly insisted on the implementation of the Third Energy Package, which essentially meant stopping the construction of the South Stream gas pipeline across the territories of Bulgaria, Serbia and Hungary 10 . But at the same time, it continued to build the North Stream and the EU did not even try to prevent it. [Prorokovi'c, 2018. P. 702].
10
„Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC (Text with EEA relevance)”, Official Journal of the European Union, 14.08.2009, L211, pp. 55–92. URL:(date of access: 02.02.2019).