Западноевропейское искусство от Джотто до Рембрандта

Миньяр-Белоручева Алла Петровна

III. Make up sentences of your own with the given phrases.

IV. Arrange the following in the pairs of synonyms:

a) to dissolve; to embody; beliefs; to endow; to distinguish; spiritual; profound; fateful; luminous; to abandon;

b) to bestow; deep; momentous; bright; to desert; to vanish; to manifest; doctrines; to characterise; airy.

IV. Insert the missing prepositions. Translate the text. Retell the text.

The «School… Athens» presents… an ideal architecture the chief philosophers… all periods… Greek antiquity engaged… learned argument. The figures form a circle… depth… the lofty structure, culminating… the central arch, where… the distant sky Plato, holding the «Timaeus» points… Heaven as the source… ideas… which the early forms originate, while Aristotle, holding his Ethics, indicates earth u;. the object… all observations… the upper left Socrates discusses philosophical principles… the youths… Athens… the lower left Pythagoras delineates his proportion system… a slate… pupils… the right Euclid uses another slate to demonstrate a geometric theorem.

V. Insert the article wherever necessary. Translate the text. Retell the text.

…

«Disputa» begins in… Heaven. God… Father presides over… familiar Deesis with Christ enthroned, displaying his… wounds. On either side, in… floating semicircle of… cloud,… Apostles and… saints from… New Testament alternate with… prophets and… patriarchs from… Old Testament… Below…

throne of Christ,… Dove of… Holy Spirit, flanked by… child angels, with four open gospels, flies downward toward… Host. They are displayed on… altar. On either side of… alter sit… Four Fathers of… Church and… groups of… theologians from all ages of… Christianity engaged in… argumentation over… nature of… Eucharist. Among… recognizable portraits are those of… Dante, and to… left of… door, and in front of him,… Sixtus IV. Every figure is based on Raphael's fundamental spiritual principle.

VI. Here are descriptions of some of Raphael's works of art. Match them up to the given titles.

1. The painting is an encyclopaedic presentation of the philosophers of pagan antiquity.

2. The central group is unified around the motive of Joseph putting the ring on Mary's finger.

3. Raphael has shown the sitter as he was in an unsparing portrait.

4. The Virgin, showing the Child walks toward us on the luminous clouds.

5. This is the most complete expression of the doctrine of the Eucharist in Christian art.

6. In contrast to the traditional rendering of the subject, Raphael painted an accompanying incident as well.

7. The Virgin seats before a deep landscape.

a. Sistine Madonna

b. School ofAthens

c. Madonna of the Meadows

d. Transfiguration of Christ

e. Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de 'Medici and Luigi de'Rossi

f. Marriage of the Virgin

g. Disputa(Disputation over the Sacrament)

VII. Translate the text into English.

Идеалы Высокого Возрождения наиболее полно воплотились в произведениях Рафаэля. Всем своим творчеством художник подчеркивал красоту и гармонию человека. Рафаэль создал возвышенный образ совершенного человека, находящегося в гармонии с окружающим миром.

В 1504 г. Рафаэль приехал во Флоренцию, где работали тогда два великих его современника — Леонардо да Винчи и Микеланджело. Многое почерпнув у них, Рафаэль создал замечательные изображения «Мадонн» и портреты. Портреты «Папы Юлиана II» и «Льва X» считаются наилучшими.

В 1508 г. папа Юлий II поручил Рафаэлю роспись станц – личных папских покоев в Ватикане. В 1509 художник приступил к работе в «Станце печати», роспись которой состоит из четырех фресок. Это – «Богословие» (спор отцов церкви о причастии), «Поэзия» (изображает величайших поэтов классической древности и итальянского Возрождения), «Правосудие» (фреска представляет основоположников светского и церковного законодательства) и «Афинская школа» (собрание философов и ученых античности). Росписи в станцах являются одной из высочайших вершин искусства Высокою Возрождения.

«Сикстинская Мадонна» — одно из самых вдохновенных произведений художника. В этой картине сочетается жизненная правдивость образа с чертами идеального совершенства.

В последние годы жизни Рафаэль помимо живописи занимался также архитектурой, в которой

проявил себя как один из крупнейших мастеров своего времени.

VIII. Summarize the text.

IX. Topics for discussion

1. Raphael as the artist of the High Renaissance ideal of harmony.

2. Raphael's frescoes.

3. The High Renaissance heritage.

Unit VIII Titian (1490-1576)

The monarch of the Venetian School in the sixteenth century was Titian. A robust mountaineer came to Venice as a boy from the Alpine town of Pieve di Cadore and lived well into his nineties. The young painter was trained in the studios of both Gentille Bellini and Giovanni BellinI. Then he assisted Giorgione with the lost frescoes that once decorated the exteriors of Venetian palaces.

Once independent, Titian succeeded in establishing colour as the major determinant. Although he visited central Italy only in 1545-46, Titian was aware, probably, by means of engravings, of what was going on in Florence and Rome and assimilated High Renaissance innovations to his own stylistic aims. Titian generally began with a red ground, which communicated warmth to his colouring; over that he painted figures and background often in brilliant hues.

Titian's life was marked by honours and material rewards. He made himself wealthy. His palace in Venice was the centre of a near-princely court, fulfilling the worldly ideal of the painter's standing as formulated by Leonardo da VincI. In 1553 Titian began his acquaintance with the Emperor Charles V. There is a legend that the Emperor, on a visit to Titian's studio, stooped to pick up a brush the painter had dropped. Titian was called twice to the imperial court.

An early work, painted by Titian about 1515, is known as Sacred and Profane Love. The subject of this enigmatic picture has never been satisfactorily explained. Two women who look like sisters sit on either side of an open sarcophagus, which is also a fountain in the glow of late afternoon. One is clothed, another is nude save for a white scarf. The shadowed landscape behind the clothed sister leads up to a castle, toward which a horseman gallops while rabbits play in the dimness. Behind the nude sister the landscape is filled with light, and huntsmen ride behind a hound about to catch a hare, while the shepherds tend their flocks before a village with a church tower, touched with evening light. Cupid stirs the waters in the sarcophagus-fountain. The picture becomes a glorification of the beauty and redeeming power of love. Sometimes it is interpreted as the passage from virginity through the water of suffering, a kind of baptism, to a new life in love.

Titian made a series of mythological paintings for a chamber in the palace of the duke of Ferrara. One of these, the Bacchanal of the Andrians, of about 1520, is based on the description by the third-century Roman writer Philostratus of a picture he saw in a villa near Naples. The inhabitants of the island of Andros disport themselves in a shady grove. The freedom of the poses (within Titian's triangular system) is completely new. Titian has taken the greatest visual delight from the contrast of warm flesh with shimmering drapery and light with unexpected dark.

Like his mythological pictures, Titian's early religious paintings are affirmations of health and beauty. The Assumption of the Virgin, 1515-18, is his sole venture into the realm of the colossal. It represents the moment when the soul of the Virgin was reunited with her dead body. Above the powerful figures of the Apostles on earth, Mary is lifted physically into a golden Heaven on a glowing cloud by numerous child angels, where she is awaited by God the Father. The bright reds, blues, whites of drapery, the rich light of the picture carry Titian's triumphant message through the spacious interior of the Gothic Church of the Frari in Venice.