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Kirispe
Adamdar myndagan jyldar bo?y g?pnozdyq t?ptegi trans boldy. Koptegen maden?etter men dinderde bul med?tas?anyn bir turi retinde qarastyryldy. Undistannyn Pers?a men ?oga s?qyrshylary myndagan jyldar bo?y g?pnozben din? maqsatta a?nalysyp, saysaqtarynyn ar q?mylymen ekstat?kalyq trans arqyly ozderin batyrdy. oz murnynyzdyn ushyna muq?at qaray; mesmer?zm qubylysyn tydyry ushin ekzoter?kalyq aserdin qajeti joq ekeni anyq. Osy prosesterdin barlygynyn negizgi maqsaty-abstraks?alay nemese ze?indi shogyrlandyry adetin qalyptastyry, onda sybekt bir ?de?aga nemese ?de?alar tizbegine tolygymen sinedi, al ol basqa obektini, maqsatty nemese areketti bilme?di nemese ogan nemqura?ly qara?dy. G?pnozdyq jagda?dyn s?pattamasynyn algashqy jazbasyn 1027 jyly "trans" tyraly jazgan Parsy darigeri Av?sennanyn jazbalarynan tabyga bolady. Qazirgi g?pnoz 18 gasyrdyn a?agynda bastalyp, "qazirgi g?pnozdyn"akesi retinde tanymal bolgan nemis darigeri Frans Mesmerdin arqasynda tanymal boldy. Ol kezde g?pnoz Mesmerdin atymen atalgan "mesmer?zm" dep ataldy. Ol g?pnoz g?pnozdan g?pnozga ushyragan adamga ayysatyn m?st?kalyq kushtin bir turi degen pikirde boldy, biraq onyn teor?asyn g?pnozda s?qyrly element joq degen synshylar joqqa shygardy.
G?pnozdy jane onymen ba?lanysty qubylystardy tusindiretin arturli teor?alar bar. Ozgergen ku? teor?alary g?pnozdy sananyn ozgergen ku?i nemese adettegi sana ku?inen ozgeshe ze?in denge?imen s?pattalatyn trans retinde qarastyrady. Kerisinshe, memlekettik emes teor?alar g?pnozdy plasebo effektisi, terapevtpen ozara arekettesydi qa?ta anyqtay nemese rolderdi be?neli orynday formasy retinde ar turli qarastyrady.
Titirkengen ishek s?ndromy men menopayzany g?pnozga negizdelgen emdey naqty daleldermen rastalady. G?pnozdy basqa maselelerdi emdey ushin qoldany arturli nat?jeler berdi, mysaly, temeki shegyden bas tarty. G?pnozdy erte jaraqatty qalpyna keltiry jane biriktiry ushin terap?a turi retinde pa?dalany gylym? negizgi agymda dayly bolyp tabylady. Zertteyler adamnyn g?pnozy jalgan estelikterdin pa?da bolyyna yqpal etyi mumkin ekenin jane g?pnoz adamdarga oq?galardy dalirek eske tusiryge komektespe?tinin korsetedi.
G?pnoz-bul adamnyn jane jogary omyrtqaly janyarlardyn u?qyga jaqyn ku?i, onyn negizinde m?dyn jogargy bolikterinin tejely qubylystary jatyr. 60-shy jyldarga de?in. 19 g. g?pnoz tyraly ?de?alar arna?y "su?yqtyqtardyn" nemese magn?ttik tolqyndardyn – g?pnozshy taratqan arna?y toktardyn sp?r?t?zmdik boljamdaryna negizdelgen. G?pnoz tyraly m?st?kalyq ?de?alar orys (V. M.Behterev, o. o. Mochytkovsk??, A. A. Tokarsk?? jane t. b.) jane fransyz (N. Bernge?m jane Dj. Sharko) galymdarynyn enbekterimen jo?yldy. G?pnozdyq ku?ler problemalarynyn gylym? damyynyn bastalyy osy galymdardyn esimderimen ba?lanysty. Olar g?pnozdyn emdik manyzdylygyn anyqtady, sonymen qatar ps?holog?alyq faktordy emdik maqsatta qoldany adisi retinde usynystyn erekshe rolin anyqtady. Ala?da, g?pnoz qubylystarynda ali de koptegen tusiniksiz jagda?lar boldy. Atap a?tqanda, g?pnoz men usynys qate aralasqan. Ps?holog?alyq bagyttyn jaqtayshylary qazir Bernge?mnin "g?pnoz joq, tek usynys bar, usynys-bul ozin-ozi g?pnoz"degen eskirgen jane durys emes ustanymyn ustanydy jalgastyryda. Sonymen qatar, g?pnoz ben usynys qubylystary arturli: eger g?pnozdyn jagda?y adamga da, janyarlarga da tan bolsa, onda ayyzsha usynysqa be?imdilik – bul adamnyn jogary ju?ke qyzmetinin qas?eti. Usynystyn f?z?olog?alyq jagy ?. p. Pavlovtyn ulken jarty sharlardyn s?gnaldyq qyzmeti, jogary ju?ke ju?esindegi birinshi jane ekinshi s?gnaldyq ju?elerdin ozara arekettesyi, adam areketi tyraly iliminde oz tusindirmesin tapty.
I. p. Pavlov jane onyn shakirtteri g?pnozdy Janyarlar tajir?besinde jane kl?n?kadagy adamdardy baqylayda muq?at zertte? otyryp, g?pnoz qubylystarynyn gylym? negizdemesin berdi, bul sol kezdegi g?pnozdyq ku?lerdin sybekt?vti-ps?holog?alyq tusinigine qatty soqqy berdi. Bul ushin teor?alyq negiz ?.M. Sechenovtyn ju?ke ju?esinin negizgi bolimderinin m?ynyn ortalyq tejelyi tyraly ilimimen da?yndaldy. I. p. ilimine sa?kes g?pnozdyq jagda?dyn negizinde. Pavlova, m?dyn ulken jarty sharlarynyn qyrtysynyn betinde tejelydin bolshek jane ten emes taralyyna ba?lanysty ishinara kort?kaldy u?qy turinde dam?tyn tejely prosesi jatyr. Tejely prosesinin saylelenyi men qarqyndylygynyn bul Kenistiktik shektelyi g?pnozdyq u?qynyn tab?g?, qalypty u?qydan negizgi a?yrmashylygy bolyp tabylady, onda tejely bukil m? qyrtysyn qamt?dy (sybkort?kalyq tuzilimderge de tusedi). Bul ishinara tejely kezinde, adette, jeke o?aty oshaqtary saqtalady-Pavlov a?tqanda?, "kuzet pynktteri", olar g?pnozga ushyragan jane g?pnozga ushyragan adamdar arasyndagy ba?lanysty qamtamasyz etedi. Osyla?sha, g?pnoz jagda?ynda adam barlyq syrtqy yntalandyrylardan qorgalgan s?aqty, ayyzsha usynysty qabylda?dy. I.p. Pavlov sozdin adamga tan shartty titirkendirgish retindegi orasan zor magynasyn atap otti. Ol g?pnoz sozinin bir jagynan/ m?ga togilgen tejelydi tydyratynyn, ekinshi jagynan m? qyrtysynyn belgili bir a?magynda titirkenydi shogyrlandyratynyn atap otti. Osyla?sha, barlyq basqa syrtqy titirkendirgishterdin basekeles aseri alynyp tastalady.
G?pnozdyn damyy-arturli sh?elenistermen jane tejely terendigimen s?pattalatyn birneshe fazalardan turatyn d?nam?kalyq proses. Olardyn negizgileri: titirkendirgishtin kushine qaramastan reflektorlyq jayaptar qarqyndylygy bo?ynsha tendestirilgen tendestirilgen faza; paradoksaldy faza-alsiz titirkendirgishter kushti aser, al kushti – alsiz aser tydyrady; reflektorlyq reaks?alardyn burmalanyy oryn alatyn ultra-paradoksaldy faza-on aser teris tejegish titirkendirgishten tyynda?dy, al tejegish aseri on aser etedi titirkendirgish. G?pnoz jagda?y ju?ke ju?esine aser etetin arturli faktorlardyn aserinen pa?da bolyy mumkin. G?pnoz shamadan tys syrtqy titirkendirgishtin kenetten aserinen de, ote alsiz jane monotondy esty, kory jane takt?ldi titirkendirgishterdin aserinen de tyynda?dy. Kobinese tejey ku?i osynda? alsiz jane monotondy titirkendirgishterdin aserinen dam?dy. Adamdagy g?pnoz qubylystaryn u?qynyn ku?in eske tusiretin ?de?alardy ayyzsha usyny arqyly da tydyryga bolady. G?pnozdagy syrtqy korinisterge sa?kes ush kezendi ajyratyga bolady: birinshisi-u?qyshyldyq (adam tynyshtyqqa muqtaj, denenin erekshe ayyrlygy, kozin ashy q?yn); ekinshisi-g?potaks?a (jenil u?qy), onda a?qyn kataleps?a ba?qalady (dene mushelerine kez-kelgen poz?s?any beryge bolatyn balayyz ?kemdilik ku?i), adam tajir?beni eske tusiry qabiletin jogaltpa?dy jane bul jagda?da jasalgan usynys g?pnozdan ke?ingi ku?de de ozinin aserin anyqta?dy; ushinshi kezen – somnambyl?zm nemese g?pnozga ushyragan kezde teren g?pnoz kez-kelgen "basekeles" tajir?beden tolygymen qorgalgan jane tek g?pnozshymen ba?lanysta bolady; bul jagda?da, o?angannan ke?in, adam adette g?pnozdyq u?qy kezinde onymen bolgan oq?galardyn eshqa?sysyn esine alma?dy. G?pnozdyn bastapqy kezenderinde, adam men janyarda tek osynda? u?qy ku?i anyqtalgan kezde, jana shartty ba?lanystardyn pa?da bolyy jane nyga?yy mumkin; g?pnozdyn teren kezenderinde jana shartty ba?lanystardy ornaty, tipti odan da kop bekity prosesteri a?tarlyqta? q?yn. G?pnozdyq fazalardagy jogary ju?ke belsendiliginen tabylgan barlyq korsetilgen qubylystar m?dyn ulken jarty sharlarynyn qyrtysynyn ju?ke jasyshalarynyn qozgyshtygynyn tomendeyimen ba?lanysty ?.p. Pavlov bizde g?pnozda jane m? qyrtysynda saylelenydin tejelyine ba?lanysty on tonys tomendedi dep malimdedi. Teren g?pnoz jagda?ynda, somnambyl?zm dep atalatyn kezende usynysty juzege asyry ushin en jaqsy jagda?lar jasalady. Bul kezende adamnyn tolyq qozgalma?tyndygyna qol jetkizyge bolady, siz mushelerge kez-kelgen erekshe poz?s?any, g?pnozga ushyragan adam uzaq yaqyt bo?y sharshay qubylystarynsyz (kataleps?a jane kataton?a ku?i) saqta?tyn arturli tanqalarlyq poz?s?alardy bere alasyz. Somnambylalyq fazada ke?de adamnyn minez-qulqyndagy ote teren ozgerister tyyndayy mumkin, bul galus?nas?alardy jane qabyldaydyn basqa ozgeristerin, sonda?-aq erte jasqa, tipti balalyq shaqqa sa?kes keletin areketter men areketterdi engizy mumkindiginde korinedi. Sonda?-aq, g?pnozga denenin ke?bir ju?elerinin fynks?onaldyq ku?inin ozgeryine akeletin arturli tajir?beler aser etyi mumkin ekendigi anyqtaldy, mysaly, jurek qyzmetin kushe?ty nemese alsirety, asqazan-ishek joldarynyn motorlyq jane sekretorlyq fynks?alaryn ozgerty, qandagy qantty, l?po?dtar men hlor?dterdi jogarylaty nemese tomendety jane t. b. somnambyl?zm qubylystary ulken denelerdin qyrtysynda tejely kenistiginin birkelki emes bolyyna ba?lanysty. m? jarty sharlary. Sonymen qatar, titirkendirgish jane tejey prosesterinin a?maqtary arasyndagy fynks?onaldy a?yrmashylyq ke?bir m? tuzilimderi tolygymen tejelymen qamtylgan, basqalary ishinara tejelgen, al ke?bireyleri odan muldem bos jane o?ay ku?de bolady. Adamnyn g?pnozynyn j?i kezdesetin qubylystary-bul ulken jarty sharlardyn u?qysyz jane sergek bolimderge bolinyinin nat?jesi. G?pnoz asirese a?qyn turde tikele? u?qyga ketyi mumkin. U?qynyn alsireyi jane u?qydan o?anyga ayysy da sa?kes g?pnozdyq aralyq fazalarmen tolqyndy. G?pnozdyq usynys qubylystary, asirese ?ster?adan zardap shegetin adamdarda a?qyn ba?qalady, ony ?.p. Pavlov g?pnozdyq jagda?dyn arturli fazalarynda turaqty dep sanady. Ala?da, ?ster?kalyq nayqastardyn ba?qalgan jogarylayyna su?ene otyryp, g?pnozdy ?ster?amen sa?kestendiry durys emes, o?tkeni Dj.Sharko men onyn izbasarlary g?pnoz jasandy turde tyyndagan ?ster?a dep sana?dy. Emdik maqsatta V. M. Behterev, Iy. V. Kannab?h jane t. b. g?pnoz kezinde m? qyrtysynyn ulken jarty sharlarynyn fynks?onaldyq jagda?yn zerttey ?. p. Pavlov g?pnozdyq tejelydin b?olog?alyq rolin mo?yndayga akeldi jane g?pnoz ozin-ozi qorgay refleksterinin biri bolyp tabylady, bul ju?ke ayrylary ushin ote qayipsiz dep a?tyga mumkindik berdi. ju?eler f?z?olog?alyq shara.
"St?gmalar, st?gmattar (grek tilinen – stigma, stigmatos – ?neks?a, tyrtyq, daq, belgi)-terinin qyzaryy, kogeryi nemese jaralary, ke?bir teren senyshilerdin denesinde eriksiz pa?da bolady, K?eli kitap m?fi bo?ynsha a?qyshqa shegelengen Masihtin ter-jana taji men tyrnaqtarynan jaralary bolgan jerlerde. St?gmalardyn pa?da bolyyn shirkey gaja?yp dep sanady jane din? fanat?zmdi qozdyry ushin qoldanyldy. Qazirgi gylym st?gmat?zas?anyn negizinde Ozin-ozi g?pnozga be?imdiliktin jogarylayy jane ?ster?amen ayyratyn nayqastarga tan sezimtaldyq ekendigi anyqtaldy. Usynys pen ozin-ozi g?pnozdyn aserinen terinin ozgery jagda?lary (o?dan shygarylgan ku?ik, o?dan shygarylgan kogery jane t.b.) med?s?nada belgili jane denenin ar boligi ju?ke otkizgishterimen julyn jane sybkorteks arqyly m? qyrtysymen ba?lanysqandygymen tusindiriledi. Belgili bir jagda?larda ju?ke ju?esinin qalypty jagda?yndagy ozgerister terinin qyzaryy nemese isinyi jane basqa da ayytqylarmen korinetin tinderdegi metabol?kalyq prosesterdin buzylyyna akelyi mumkin. Bul mehan?zm st?gmattardyn negizinde de jatyr "(T?hom?rov A. E. sozderdin shygy tegi jane qabylda?dy. Syym tyraly gylym," Ridero", Ekater?nbyrg, 2017, b.138-139).
Ke?bir jagda?larda G?pnoz, u?qy s?aqty, qalpyna keltiryge, ju?ke belsendiligin jaqsartyga komektesedi. Qysqa merzimdi g?pnozdyq jagda?dyn nat?jesinde m? qyrtysynyn qyzmeti jaqsarady, assos?at?vti prosester jenilde?di, ze?in men este saqtay fynks?alary artady. G?pnozdyq tejely denenin tinderi men ju?elerindegi omirlik manyzdy prosesterdi qalpyna keltiryge komektesedi, sharshagan bulshyqetterdin jumysyna tyrysady. G?pnoz qubylystaryn egje?-tegje?li talday g?pnozdyq ku?lerdin buryn jumbaq qubylystaryn algash ret gylym? negizdeyge mumkindik berdi. G?pnoz fazalarynyn ashylyy arturli ayrylarda j?i ba?qalatyn u?qynyn buzylyyn tusinyge jane utymdy emdeyge yqpal etti. Pavlovtyn u?qy jane g?pnoz tyraly ilimi ju?ke jane ps?h?kalyq ayrylardagy jogary ju?ke qyzmetinin teren buzylystaryn durys tusinyge gylym? negiz beredi jane olardy emdeydin t?imdi adisterin tabyga komektesedi.
G?pnozdy ortalyq ju?ke ju?esinin organ?kalyq zaqymdanyynsyz negizinen fynks?onaldy ju?ke ayrylaryn emdeyde qoldanyga bolady. Olarga obsess?vti jagda?lar, ?ster?a jane t.b. alkogol?zm men nashaqorlyqty emdeyde g?pnoz satti qoldanylady. G?pnoz ps?hozdarmen, asirese del?r??men, sonda?-aq patolog?alyq s?patqa ?e g?pnozga tartylgan kezde qarsy bolady. G?pnozdyq usynys akysherlik tajir?bede bosanydy analgez?alay maqsatynda, sonda?-aq h?ryrg?a men stomatolog?ada keninen qoldanylady. T?isti g?pnozdyq usynystyn komegimen ke?bir teri ayrylaryn emdeydin qola?ly jagda?lary s?pattalgan.
G?pnozdy emdik maqsatta jurgizy adistemesi ote alyan turli. Kobisi g?pnozga ushyragan adamnyn betine nemese bet pen deneni jenil s?pay arqyly otkiziletin uzindilerdi pa?dalanady. Tagy bir adis-jyltyr zatty kozben uzaq yaqyt bekity. Negizgi adis-damyp kele jatqan u?qyshyldyq tyraly ?de?alardy ayyzsha usyny. Bul adispen nayqas tynysh, birkelki, monotondy dayyspen u?yqta?tynyna, ony u?yqtap jatqanyna, u?yqtap jatqanyna sendiredi.
G?pnoz tar?hynan
G?pnoz jane g?pnoz sozderi ekeyi de ne?rog?pnoz (ju?ke u?qysy) term?ninen shyqqan, olardyn barlygyn 1820 jyldary Eten Fel?ks D ' Hen?n de Kuv?ler o?lap tapqan. G?pnoz term?ni ejelgi grek tilinen shyqqan h???? G?pnos," u?yqtay", jane jurnaq-????-osis, nemese ot???? g?pnyo," u?yqtay " (negiz aor?st hypnos-) jane jurnaq-is. Bul sozderdi agylshyn tilinde 1841 jyly shotland?alyq h?ryrg Dje?ms Bre?d (ke?de qate esepte?di) tanymal etti. Bre?d oz tajir?besin Frans Mesmer men onyn izbasarlary jasagan adiske negizdedi (ol "mesmer?zm" nemese "janyarlar magnet?zmi" dep ataldy), biraq prosedyranyn qala? jumys iste?tini tyraly teor?asymen erekshelendi. Ejelgi yaqytta Rese?de g?pnoz "s?qyr" dep ataldy, al g?pnozga ushyragan adamdar "s?qyrly" nemese "s?qyrly"dep ataldy.