На исходе дня. История ночи

Экерч А. Роджер

2. Middleton, A Mad World…, (London, 1608); Rousseau, Emile: or On Education, trans. Allan Bloom (New York, 1979), 133. Среди тех, кто первым обратил внимание на недостаток исследований по истории ночи, был Джордж Стайнер, который в 1978 году наблюдал: «Без достаточного внимания социальных историков остается факт, что большинство представителей человечества проводят значительную часть своей жизнь в темноте (со всем многообразием ее оттенков) — от захода солнца и до утра» (A Reader [New York, 1984], 351). В действительности ночное время в качестве самостоятельного предмета изучения остается за рамками исторических исследований на всех уровнях: от обзоров по западной культуре и до академических монографий. Среди лучших описаний можно назвать малоизвестную и противоречащую собственной эпохе работу Matthiesen Natten.

Среди других ранних исследований по теме стоит назвать: Maurice Bouteloup, "Le Travail de Nuit dans la Boulangerie" (Ph. D. diss., Universite de Paris, 1909); A. Voisin, "Notes sur la Vie Urbaine au XV Siecle: Dijon la Nuit," Annales de Bourgogne 9 (1937), 265–279; Bargellini, "Vita Nottuma." He так давно специалисты обратились к изучению отдельных аспектов ночной жизни, хотя ночь как таковая, во всей ее полноте, остается неизученной, вне границ социальной истории и истории культуры. См.: Elisabeth Pavan, "Recherches sur la Nuit Vmitienne a la Fin du Moyen Age," Journal of Medieval History 7 (1981), 339–356; Peter Reinhart Gleichmann, "Nacht und Zivilisation," in Martin Caethge and Wolfgang Essbach, eds., Soziologie: Entdeckungen im Alltaghchen (Frankfurt, 1983), 174–194; Silvia Mantini, "Per un'Immagine Delia Notte fra Tercento e Quattrocento," Archivio Storico Italiano 4 (1985), 565–594; Wolfgang Schivelbusch, Disenchanted Night: The Industrialization of Light in the Nineteenth Century, trans. Angela Davies (Berkeley, Calif., 1988); Corinne Walker, "Esquisse Pour une Histoire de la Vie Nocturne: Geneve au XVIIIe Siecle, Revue du Vieux Geneve 19 (1989), 73–85; Hero Camporesi, Bread of Dreams: Food and Fantasy in Early Modern Europe, trans. David Gentilcore (Chicago, 1989), 92—102; Robert

Muchembled, "La Violence et la Nuit sous l'Ancien Regime," Ethnologie Franqaise 21 (1991), 237–242; Mario Sbriccoli, ed., La Notte: Orditie, Sicurezza e Disciplinamcnto in Eta Moderna (Florence, 1991); Janekovick-Romer, "Dubrovniks"; Joachim Shlor, Nights in the Big City: Paris, Berlin, London 1840–1930, trans. Pierre Gottfried Imhof and Dafydd Rees Roberts (London, 1998); Paul Griffiths "Meanings of Nightwalking in Early Modem England," Seventeenth Century 13 (1998), 212–238; Bryan D. Palmer, Cultures of Darkness: Night Travels in the Histories of Transgression (New York, 2000); Pitou, "Coureurs de Nuit"; Schindler, "Youthful Culture"; Verdon, Night; Schindler, Rebellion; Koslofsky, "Court Culture."

3. G. C. Faber, ed., The Poetical Works of]ohn Gay… (London, 1926), 204; Edward Ward, The Rambling Rakes, or, London Libertines (London, 1700), 58; Christopher Sten, "When the Candle Went Out': The Nighttime World of Huck Finn," Studies in American Fiction 9 (1981), 49. В Библии говорится: «Всему свой час, и время всякому делу под небесами» (Екклесиаст, 3;1).

4. Michael McGrath, ed. and trans., Cinnine Amhiaoibh Ui Shuileobhdin: The Diary of Humphrey O'Sullivan, 4 vols. (London, 1936–1937); Emile Guillaumin, The Life of a Simple Man, ed. Eugen Weber, trans. Margaret Crosland (Hanover, N. H., 1983); Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman (1891; rpt. edn., London, 1993), 18.

5. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (Stanford, Calif., 1976), 419.

НАСТУПЛЕНИЕ НОЧИ

1. Fletcher and Francis Beaumont, Fifty Comedies and Tragedies (London, 1679), 217.

2. Lorus Johnson Milne and Margery Joan Milne, The World of Night (New York, 1956), 22; Thomas Hardy, The Return of the Native (1880; rpt. edn., London, 1993), 19; Nov. 5, 1830, Michael McGrath, ed., Cinnine Amhiaoibh Ui Shuileabhain: The Diary of Humphrey O'Sullivan (London, 1936), II, 355–356; John Florio, comp., Queen Anna's New World of Words, or Dictionarie of the Italian and English Tongues (London, 1611), 79. Традиционно считалось, что крики сипухи [совообразная птица] предвещают смерть. Gilbert White, The Natural History and Antiquities ofSelborne (London, 1994), 142–143; Brand 1848, III, 209–210.

3. Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, V, 1,124, and Measure for Measure, TV, 1,56–57.

ЧАСТЬ ПЕРВАЯ

Прелюдия

1. Daniel Boorstin, The Discoverers (New York, 1983), 26.

2. Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757; rpt. edn., New York, 1971), 272–281; John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975), 397–398.

3. Juliette Favez-Boutonier, L'Angoisse (Paris, 1945), 134–150.

4. The Iliad, trans. Robert Fitzgerald (New York, 1992), 338; Kevin Coyne, A Day in the Night of America (New York, 1992), 35; Richard Cavendish, The Powers of Evil in Western Religion, Magic, and Folk Belief (New York, 1975), 88–89; Geoffrey Parrinder, Witchcraft: European and African (London, 1970), 123–124; Norman Cohn, Europe's Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt (New York, 1975), 206–207.

5. Psalms 23:4; John 1:5; Matthew 27:45; Cavendish, Powers of Evil, 87–91; Ernst Cassirer. The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, trans. Ralph Manheim (New Haven, 1964), 98–99.

6. Alan Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study (London, 1970), 212; Lucy Mair, Witchcraft (New York, 1969), 42–43; B. Malinowski, "The Natives of Mailu: Preliminary Results of the Robert Mond Research Work in British New Guinea," in Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 39 (1915), 647–648; Parrinder, Witchcraft, 134–146; John Middleton and E. H. Winter, eds., Witchcraft and Sorcery in East Africa (London, 1969), passim.

7. Rolfe Humphries, trans., The Satires of Juvenal (Bloomington, Ind., 1966), 43–44; Mark J. Bouman, "Luxury and Control: The Urbanity of Street Lighting in Nineteenth-Century Cities," JUH 14 (1987), 9; Hazel Rossotti, Fire (Oxford, 1993), 59; O'Dea, Lighting, 14–16, 220.

8. Richard M. Dorson, ed., America Begins: Early American Writing (Bloomington, Ind., 1971), 280, 282; Theodore M. Andersson, "The Discovery of Darkness in Northern Literature," in Robert B. Burlin and Edward B. Irving, Jr., eds., Old English Studies in Honour of John C. Pope (Toronto, 1974), 9—12.

Глава первая

1. Nashe, Works, 1,345.

2. J. P. Arival, The Historic of this Iron Age: Wherein is Set Down the True State of Europe as It Was in the Year 1500…, trans. B. Harris (London, 1659), 2; George Herbert, Jaculum Prudentium: or Outlandish Proverbs… (London, 1651), 70; "Quid Tunc," SJC, Aug. 29, 1767; Honore de Balzac, The Human Comedy (New York, 1893), II, 6; William G. Na-phy and Penny Roberts, eds., Fear in Early Modem Society (Manchester, 1997).

3. Richard Steele, The Husbandmans Calling… (London, 1670), 270; Shakespeare, Henry V, IV, 0, 4; Shakespeare, The Rape of Lucrece, 764–767; Anthony J. Lewis, "The Dog, Lion, and Wolf in Shakespeare's Descriptions of Night," Modem Language Review 66 (1971), 1—11; Anthony Harris, Night's Black Agents: Witchcraft and Magic in Seventeenth-Century English Drama (Manchester, 1980); Jean-Marie Maguin, La Nuit dans le Theatre de Shakespeare et de ses Predecesseurs, 2 vols. (Lille, 1980).