Восхождение денег
Шрифт:
3 Juan Forero, ‘Amazonian Tribe Suddenly Leaves Jungle Home’, 11//1006:http: //www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=244.
4 Clifford Smyth, Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of Peru (Whitefish, Montana, 2007 [1931]).
5 Michael Wood, Conquistadors (London, 2001). P 128.
6 Желающим увидеть события со стороны самих конкистадоров следует ознакомиться с письмом Эрнандо Писарро за ноябрь 1533 года, из которого становится понятно, что главным
7 M. A. Burkholder, Colonial Latin America (2nd edn., Oxford, 1994). P. 46.
8 J. Hemming, Conquest of the Incas (London, 2004). P 77.
9 Ibid. P 355.
10 Wood, Conquistadors. Pp. 38, 148.
11 Hemming, Conquest. P 392.
12 P. Bakewell, A History of Latin America (2nd edn., Oxford, 2004). P. 186.
13 Hemming, Conquest. Pp. 356ff.
14 Cm.: Alexander Murray, Reason and Society in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 2002). Pp. 25–58.
15 См.: Thomas J. Sargent and Frangois R. Velde, The Big Problem of Small Change (Princeton, NJ, 2002).
16 Bakewell, History of Latin America. P 182.
17 Mauricio Drelichman and Hans-Joachim Voth, ‘Institutions and the Resource Curse in Early Modern Spain’, статья была представлена на конференции CIAR Institutions, Organizations, and Growth Program в Торонто в марте 2007 года.
18 Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englund, Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East (London, 1993).
19 Я благодарен сотруднику Британского музея доктору Джону Тейлору, который знает так много о клинописных табличках и терпеливо помогал мне в их расшифровке. Я также узнал много нового благодаря “виртуальному музею” Мартина Шубика из Йельского университета, расположенному по адресу http://www.museumof-money.orgfoabylon/.
20 Glyn Davies, A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day (Cardiff, 1994); Jonathan Williams, with Joe Cribb and Elizabeth Errington (eds.), Money: A History (London, 1997)
21 Cm.: Marc Van De Mieroop, Society and Enterprise in Old Babylonian Ur (Berlin, 1992) и очерки в Michael Hudson and Marc Van De Mieroop (eds.), Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East, vol. Ill (Bethesda, MD, 1998); Jack M. Sassoon, Gary Beckman and Karen S. Rubinson, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. Ill (London, 2000).
22 William N. Goetzmann, ‘Fibonacci and the Financial Revolution’, NBER Working Paper 10352 (3/2004).
23 John H. Munro, ‘The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution: Usury, Rentes, and Negotiability’, International History Review, 25, 3 (9/2003). Pp. 505–562.
24
25 Frederic C. Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic (Baltimore, 1973). P 300.
26 Idem, ‘Venetian Bankers, 1496–1533: A Study in the Early Stages of Deposit Banking’, Journal of Political Economy, 45, 2 (4/1937). Pp. 187–206.
27 Benjamin С. I. Ravid, ‘The First Charter of the Jewish Merchants of Venice’, AJS Review, 1 (1976). Pp. 19off.
28 Idem, ‘The Legal Status of the Jewish Merchants of Venice, 1541–1638’, Journal of Economic History, 35,1 (March 1975). Pp. 274–279.
29 Rhiannon Edward, ‘Loan Shark Charged 11m per cent Interest’, Scotsman, 18/8/2006.
30 John Hale, The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance (London, 1993). P 83.
31 Gene A. Brucker, ‘The Medici in the Fourteenth Century’, Speculum, 32, 1 (1/1957). P 13.
32 John H. Munro, ‘The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution: Usury, Rentes, and Negotiability’, International History Review, 25, 3 (9/2003). Pp.. 505–562.
33 Richard A. Goldthwaite, ‘The Medici Bank and the World of Florentine Capitalism’, Past and Present, 114 (2/1987). Pp. 3-31. Об обстоятельствах, сопутствовавших успехам семьи Медичи см.: Raymond de Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494 (Cambridge, MA, 1963). Pp. 9-34.
34 Venetian State Archives, Mediceo Avanti Principato, MAP 133, 134, 153.
35 Franz-Josef Arlinghaus, ‘Bookkeeping, Double-entry Bookkeeping’, in Christopher Kleinhenz (ed.), Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, vol. 1 (New York, 2004). Впервые метод был описан в книге: Benedetto Cotrugli II lihro dell arte di mercatura, (1458).
36 Raymond de Roover, ‘The Medici Bank: Organization and Management’,/ошт^г/ of Economic History, 6, 1 (6/1946). Pp. 24–52.
37 Venetian State Archives, Archivio del Monte, Catasto of 1427. Я благодарен доктору Франческо Гуиди за помощь в работе с бумагами Медичи в архиве Флоренции.
38 Raymond de Roover, The Decline of the Medici Bank’, Journal of Economic History, 7, 1 (5/1947). Pp. 69–82.
39 Stephen Quinn and William Roberds, The Big Problem of Large Bills: The Bank of Amsterdam and the Origins of Central Banking’, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Working Paper, 2005-16 (8/2005).