54 исторические миниатюры и 29 переводов. Сборник
Шрифт:
July 24, 1525 seven ships under a command of Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (in a structure of expedition was included and del Cano) send from Spain, being routed to Moluccas islands. The sailing was added up tragically. To Moluccas islands one ship - "Santa Maria de la Victoria" - has reached only. On the way have perished de Loaisa and del Cano. Third part of command of the ship has died of illnesses. (...) After unsuccessful attempts to capture of the Moluccas Carl V, experiencing acute requiring in money, has agreed, having received from Portugal 350 thousand ducats, to conduct a frontier (...) to east from Moluccas islands. It was described in the Saragossian agreement in April, 1529" [6].
The expedition of Magallanes - del Cano - de Espinosa has activated potent global forces!
By the way. There is involuntarily desire to joke: if de Espinosa returned to Spain much earlier than 1527, he would have chances to take not the office of honour of the royal supervisor of the ships left in Indium, but became an honour alguacil of fleet in expedition of Garcia Jofre de Loaisa.
Some time Francis Drake, was born about 1540, could be a contemporary of de Espinosa (if he really worked in the Seville port in 1550 in 60 years age).
Young Drake had to be visiting the ports of the Netherlands and France.
Without having at the time of writing of this essay documentary confirmed data on date of death of de Espinosa, and adhering logical models "Derzhavin - Pushkin" and "Pullman - Edison", we can mentally create a meeting of Francis Drake with Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa.
Let's say, in Amsterdam port. And words of successful de Espinosa, said at the presence of juvenile Francis: "to become successful, it is necessary to make round-the-world travel!"
(...)
" ... Drake ... closely studied the book about sailing of Magallanes. This book was always with him" [6].
5. Juan Sebastian del Cano (intellectuality, obstinacy, unshakable victorious hardness)
"It is believed that Juan Sebasti'an belonged to a family of well-to-do fishermen and seafarers, who had their own home and boat. Firstborn of nine brothers; Some of them are known for biographical data. Domingo, called as the father, was a priest and pastor of Getaria. Mart'in P'erez, Ant'on Mart'in and Ochoa Mart'in were sailors like Juan Sebasti'an and took part with him in the expedition of Garcia Jofre de Loaisa. Mart'in P'erez was the pilot of one of the ships of this expedition" [8].
(...)
If the mutiny situation in April, 1520 was called one culmination episode of an expedition of Magellan, then other culmination episode the situation of elimination of Magellan from structure of an expedition in April, 1521 can be called. The staff an expedition will not be demoralized, does not run up. The tendency to criminalization is not felt. The collective, generally, is united, submits to discipline, to commanders. The team displaces one of the gone too far commanders who became at the head of an expedition after Magellan. Del Cano and de Espinosa - representatives of the Crown - become co-chiefs of expedition.
The Victoria ship headed by del Cano is capable to continue swimming without considerable repair. Victoria goes to the West, across the Indian and Atlantic oceans, bending around Africa, to Spain. Despite considerable difficulties, diseases, hunger, in team the discipline is maintained, the firmness remains.
Antonio Pigafetta, the knight of the Order of Rhodes (knight of the Order of Saint John) enlisted in an expedition as the understudy (doubler) continues to keep the diary.
The Stefan Zweig transmits following words of del Cano: "We resolved to die rather than fall into the hands of the Portuguese." Thus, in due course, he would proudly report to the Emperor. [5A]
The obstinacy of del Cano has appeared as victorious hardness.
"Not yet, however, had the "Victoria" reached home. With groaning timbers, slowly and wearily, exerting her last energies, she continued the final stage of the voyage. Of the sixty-six souls on board when she left the Spice Islands, only twenty-two were left; instead of one hundred and thirty-two hands there were no more than forty-four to do the work, just when powerful hands were most urgently needed. For, shortly before she reached port, there came another catastrophe. The old ship's seams were letting in water. "All hands to the pumps!" was the order. But the water seemed to gain on them. Would they not have to jettison some of the several hundred quintals of precious spices, to lighten ship? No, del Cano would not waste the Emperor's property. The tired men worked at the two pumps by day and by night, toiling like criminals at the treadmill, having all the time to make sail or shorten sail as the wind slackened or freshened, to handle the tiller, to keep watch at the masthead, and to discharge the hundred and one other tasks of their daily work. It was too much for them. Getting no sleep for night after night, they staggered and tottered at their posts. "They were feebler," writes del Cano in his report to the Emperor, "than men have ever been before." Yet each must continue to perform a double, a triple task. Even so, they were barely able to hold their own against the leak. At length, with the very last ounce of their failing strength, they reached the goal.
(...)
The greatest cruise in the history of the world, the first circumnavigation of the globe, was over.
(...)
Next morning the "Victoria" sailed upriver to Seville. (...) Seville and Spain had long since given up Magellan's fleet for lost, but here was the victorious ship proudly, triumphantly working her way upstream. At length, in the distance, shone the white bell-tower of La Giralda. It was Seville! It was Seville! "Fire the bombards!" shouted del Cano, and a salute resounded across the river. With the iron mouths of these guns, three years before, they had bidden farewell to Spain; with the same cannon they had solemnly greeted the Strait of Magellan, and again greeted the unknown Pacific. With the big guns they had saluted the newly discovered archipelago of the Philippines; as now, with the same thundering bombards, did they announce the completion of their duty on reaching Magellan's goal, the Spice Islands. Thus did they bid farewell to their comrades at Tidore, when the "Victoria" left the islands for Spain. But never did the iron voices sound so loud and so jubilant as now when they announced: "We have returned. We have done what no one ever did before us. We are the first circumnavigators of the world." [5A].
(...)
We will sum up the brief intermediate totals.
The success of expedition of Magallanes became implementation of that cultural potential, a fundamentals which were created by Henry the Navigator, his seaworthy school.
Clearly are visible: discipline, planned use, regularity, tendency to reach the purposes, the aspiration to achieve an effective.
And not on the last place - rationality: by badly managed Victoria ship was brought the load of spices the value of which is compensate for the expenses of the expedition.
On one of stages the expedition was subject to iron will of Magallanes, but on other - strong will of del Cano. And any special breaches of discipline on "Trinidad" under leading of Gomez de Espinosa, does not find out.
Probably, at the first round-the-world expedition there were both an improvisation, and intuitivism, and suddenness, and luck, and steady tendency to achievement of success. (Magellan was confident in existence of a Strait, after called by his name (now - Strait of Magellan). Intuition?)